{"id":2958,"date":"2024-03-25T10:16:31","date_gmt":"2024-03-25T09:16:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/s848664668.onlinehome.fr\/Wordpress\/?p=2958"},"modified":"2026-03-08T00:50:40","modified_gmt":"2026-03-07T23:50:40","slug":"laser-spectron-sl854-330mw-6ns-30pps-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/?p=2958","title":{"rendered":"Laser SPECTRON SL854 330MW 6ns 30pps"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_one_full  avia-builder-el-first  \" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Laser SPECTRON SL 854\u00a0<\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0 330MW\u00a0 \u00a0 6ns\u00a0 \u00a030 pps<\/h4>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-3  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3016 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3016 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-220906.jpg\" alt='' title='Capture d\u2019\u00e9cran 2024-03-25 220906' height=\"560\" width=\"1007\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-220906.jpg 1007w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-220906-300x167.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-220906-768x427.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-220906-705x392.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1007px) 100vw, 1007px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-5  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-2955 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-2955 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Capture-decran-2024-03-12-173907.jpg\" alt='' title='Capture d\u2019\u00e9cran 2024-03-12 173907' height=\"369\" width=\"628\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Capture-decran-2024-03-12-173907.jpg 628w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Capture-decran-2024-03-12-173907-300x176.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-7  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-2960 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-2960 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-101933.jpg\" alt='' title='Capture d\u2019\u00e9cran 2024-03-25 101933' height=\"461\" width=\"619\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-101933.jpg 619w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-101933-300x223.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 619px) 100vw, 619px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-9  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3399 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3399 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-01-193021.png\" alt='' title='Capture d&#039;\u00e9cran 2025-10-01 193021' height=\"565\" width=\"773\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-01-193021.png 773w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-01-193021-300x219.png 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-01-193021-768x561.png 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-01-193021-705x515.png 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 773px) 100vw, 773px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-11  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3400 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3400 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-01-191621.png\" alt='' title='Capture d&#039;\u00e9cran 2025-10-01 191621' height=\"502\" width=\"850\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-01-191621.png 850w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-01-191621-300x177.png 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-01-191621-768x454.png 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-01-191621-705x416.png 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-12  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-13  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3580 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3580 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-11-133522.png\" alt='' title='Capture d&#039;\u00e9cran 2025-10-11 133522' height=\"635\" width=\"1125\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-11-133522.png 1125w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-11-133522-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-11-133522-1030x581.png 1030w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-11-133522-768x433.png 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-10-11-133522-705x398.png 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1125px) 100vw, 1125px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-14  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4>Ce laser se compose d\u2019un oscillateur d\u00e9clench\u00e9 (Q-switch) muni d\u2019un r\u00e9sonnateur instable avec un miroir de sortie convexe avec un coefficient de r\u00e9flexion variable de 85% au centre et 30% dans le bord.<\/h4>\n<h4>Ceci permet d\u2019obtenir un faisceau limite de diffraction proche d\u2019un TEM00. Ce faisceau est ensuite inject\u00e9 dans un amplificateur qui se compose de 2 barreaux YAG de 10mm de diam\u00e8tre et 50 mm de longueur. Les barreaux sont tr\u00e8s court pour \u00e9vit\u00e9 de partir en super-radiance car le gain dans le YAG dop\u00e9 au n\u00e9odyme est tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/h4>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-16  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-17  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-2963 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-2963 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102137.jpg\" alt='' title='Capture d\u2019\u00e9cran 2024-03-25 102137' height=\"166\" width=\"554\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102137.jpg 554w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102137-300x90.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 554px) 100vw, 554px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-18  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-video avia-video-16-9   av-lazyload-immediate  av-lazyload-video-embed  '   itemprop=\"video\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/VideoObject\"  data-original_url='https:\/\/youtu.be\/QIP_d--8Y-0?si=ZX0kuiE3sop_Lxqx' ><script type='text\/html' class='av-video-tmpl'><div class='avia-iframe-wrap'><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Laser SPECTRON SL854 teste oscillateur seulement. Claquage di\u00e9lectrique de l&#039;air !\" width=\"1500\" height=\"844\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QIP_d--8Y-0?feature=oembed&autoplay=0&loop=0&controls=1&mute=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div><\/script><div class='av-click-to-play-overlay'><div class=\"avia_playpause_icon\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-20  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h5>L\u2019oscillateur utilise un r\u00e9sonnateur instable permettant d\u2019obtenir un mode TEM 11 donc limite de diffraction. Il comprend 2 barreaux YAG de 6mm de diam\u00e8tre et 50mm de long avec les faces taill\u00e9es \u00e0 3 degr\u00e9s pour \u00e9viter l\u2019\u00e9mission en r\u00e9gime super-radiant.<\/h5>\n<h5>Une cellule de Pockel avec un polariseur permet de d\u00e9clench\u00e9 (Q-switch) l\u2019oscillateur . Le d\u00e9clenchement peut-\u00eatre r\u00e9gler en interne ou en externe avec un retard de 100 \u00e0 150 microsecondes pour permettre une inversion de population \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des 2 barreaux YAG dop\u00e9 au n\u00e9odyme.<\/h5>\n<h5>Le pulse laser d\u2019une dur\u00e9e de 6 ns est inject\u00e9 dans l\u2019amplificateur. Mais avant il faut adapt\u00e9 le diam\u00e8tre du faisceau au barreaux amplificateur qui ont un diam\u00e8tre de 10mm et 50mm de longueur. Pour cela il ya 2 miroirs totalement r\u00e9flecteur \u00e0 45 degr\u00e9s et un t\u00e9lescope r\u00e9glable.<\/h5>\n<h5>Entre le 2 barreaux amplificateur se trouve une lame de polarisation pour \u00e9vit\u00e9 qu\u2019il ne se forme un couplage de gain entre les 2 ce qui aurai pour effet de cr\u00e9e une \u00e9mission super-radiante et d\u00e9truirait le coh\u00e9rence spatial du faisceau laser.<\/h5>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-22  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-23  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-2971 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-2971 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102020.jpg\" alt='' title='Capture d\u2019\u00e9cran 2024-03-25 102020' height=\"599\" width=\"902\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102020.jpg 902w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102020-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102020-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102020-705x468.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 902px) 100vw, 902px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-24  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-25  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-2972 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-2972 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102308.jpg\" alt='' title='Capture d\u2019\u00e9cran 2024-03-25 102308' height=\"329\" width=\"330\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102308.jpg 330w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102308-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102308-80x80.jpg 80w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102308-36x36.jpg 36w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102308-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 330px) 100vw, 330px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-26  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none &#091;--shadow-height:45px&#093; has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-(--header-height)\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"499286fb-bef5-4559-b8e2-6dc66fc3f22d\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-1\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"user\"><\/article>\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none &#091;--shadow-height:45px&#093; has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto &#091;content-visibility:auto&#093; supports-&#091;content-visibility:auto&#093;:&#091;contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh&#093; scroll-mt-&#091;calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))&#093;\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"5ec31014-887f-4a56-bf1d-119c27af666a\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-2\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"c55082dc-bfbd-49c4-8a26-edc3750190b9\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-t-mini\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-&#091;1px&#093;\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\n<h3 data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"993\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Principes physiques (qualitatif)<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"994\" data-end=\"3038\">\n<li data-start=\"994\" data-end=\"1466\">\n<p data-start=\"996\" data-end=\"1466\"><strong data-start=\"996\" data-end=\"1023\">M\u00e9canismes d\u2019ionisation<\/strong>\u00a0: la formation de plasma par laser dans un gaz peut passer par (i)\u00a0<em data-start=\"1091\" data-end=\"1119\">ionisation multiphotonique<\/em>\u00a0(plus importante pour lasers impuls\u00e9s tr\u00e8s courts et tr\u00e8s intenses), (ii)\u00a0<em data-start=\"1194\" data-end=\"1219\">ionisation en avalanche<\/em>\u00a0(\u00e9lectrons libres acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9s par le champ qui ionisent d\u2019autres mol\u00e9cules), et (iii)\u00a0<em data-start=\"1304\" data-end=\"1331\">chauffage thermique local<\/em>\u00a0(pour un CW puissant, l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation de temp\u00e9rature du volume focal peut provoquer ionisation thermique et vaporisation de particules).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1467\" data-end=\"1788\">\n<p data-start=\"1469\" data-end=\"1788\"><strong data-start=\"1469\" data-end=\"1512\">R\u00f4le du r\u00e9gime temporel (CW vs impuls\u00e9)<\/strong>\u00a0: avec un laser\u00a0<strong data-start=\"1529\" data-end=\"1540\">continu<\/strong>\u00a0(CW) de forte puissance, la dynamique est domin\u00e9e par l\u2019accumulation thermique et les transferts de chaleur vers l\u2019environnement ; les seuils et la cin\u00e9tique diff\u00e8rent fortement d\u2019un laser impuls\u00e9 (o\u00f9 la photo-ionisation multiphotonique domine).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1789\" data-end=\"2254\">\n<p data-start=\"1791\" data-end=\"2254\"><strong data-start=\"1791\" data-end=\"1819\">D\u00e9pendance \u00e0 la pression<\/strong>\u00a0: la pression du gaz influe sur la probabilit\u00e9 de collisions, le trajet libre moyen des \u00e9lectrons, et la capacit\u00e9 du gaz \u00e0 \u00e9vacuer la chaleur. \u00c0 pression atmosph\u00e9rique les collisions favorisent l\u2019avalanche d\u2019ionisation ; \u00e0 tr\u00e8s basse pression il y a moins de collisions et l\u2019amplification par avalanche devient inefficace \u2014 il existe donc une plage de pression o\u00f9 la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un plasma par ionisation laser est la plus \u00ab facile \u00bb.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2255\" data-end=\"2756\">\n<p data-start=\"2257\" data-end=\"2756\"><strong data-start=\"2257\" data-end=\"2319\">Effet d\u2019une amorce (ex. paillettes ou vapeur de magn\u00e9sium)<\/strong>\u00a0: une amorce fournit des sites d\u2019\u00e9mission d\u2019\u00e9lectrons (par thermionisation, photo-\u00e9mission ou vaporisation), donc elle\u00a0<strong data-start=\"2439\" data-end=\"2472\">abaisse le seuil d\u2019ionisation<\/strong>\u00a0et facilite la formation d\u2019un front plasma \u00e0 des conditions o\u00f9, sinon, l\u2019air pur ne se rompt pas. Le magn\u00e9sium, qui s\u2019\u00e9vapore\/oxyde facilement et peut produire des particules conductrices ou des \u00e9lectrons libres sous irradiation, agit donc comme catalyseur de nucl\u00e9ation du plasma.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2757\" data-end=\"3038\">\n<p data-start=\"2759\" data-end=\"3038\"><strong data-start=\"2759\" data-end=\"2780\">G\u00e9om\u00e9trie optique<\/strong>\u00a0: la taille du foyer (volume focal), la qualit\u00e9 de faisceau et l\u2019aberration de la lentille contr\u00f4lent la densit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9nergie locale \u2014 plus le faisceau est bien focalis\u00e9, plus la densit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9nergie augmente et plus la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019ionisation locale est \u00e9lev\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul data-start=\"3094\" data-end=\"3899\">\n<li data-start=\"3716\" data-end=\"3899\">\n<p data-start=\"3718\" data-end=\"3899\">\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"4767\" data-end=\"4956\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"z-0 flex min-h-&#091;46px&#093; justify-start\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none &#091;--shadow-height:45px&#093; has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-(--header-height)\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"64a49b7d-7a8c-4687-8c45-10597e01ac55\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-3\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"user\"><\/article>\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none &#091;--shadow-height:45px&#093; has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto &#091;content-visibility:auto&#093; supports-&#091;content-visibility:auto&#093;:&#091;contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh&#093; scroll-mt-&#091;calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))&#093;\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"2094d9dd-778b-4944-8978-a1a1c1ab996c\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-4\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"eff39112-6396-4fc8-9ef7-fb52fbb32dbe\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-t-mini\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-&#091;1px&#093;\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"319\">\u00a0<strong data-start=\"88\" data-end=\"184\">il n\u2019existe pas d\u2019\u00ab abaque d\u2019ionisation de l\u2019air \u00bb unique et simple couvrant 0,3 \u03bcm \u2192 100 \u03bcm<\/strong>, pour la bonne raison physique suivante \u2014 et je d\u00e9taille juste apr\u00e8s o\u00f9 trouver des graphiques utiles selon le m\u00e9canisme d\u2019ionisation.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"350\">Raison physique (essentiel)<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"351\" data-end=\"1456\">\n<li data-start=\"351\" data-end=\"842\">\n<p data-start=\"353\" data-end=\"842\">La\u00a0<strong data-start=\"356\" data-end=\"391\">photo-ionisation monophotonique<\/strong>\u00a0des principaux constituants de l\u2019air\u00a0<strong data-start=\"429\" data-end=\"441\">N\u2082 et O\u2082<\/strong>\u00a0n\u2019est possible qu\u2019\u00e0 des longueurs d\u2019onde bien plus courtes que 0,3 \u03bcm. Les \u00e9nergies d\u2019ionisation correspondent \u00e0 des longueurs d\u2019onde de l\u2019ordre de quelques dizaines de nm (p. ex. N\u2082 \u2248 15.6 eV \u2192 ~79 nm, O\u2082 \u2248 12.1 eV \u2192 ~102 nm). Autrement dit, pour \u03bb \u2265 300 nm (0,3 \u03bcm) l\u2019\u00e9nergie d\u2019un photon est\u00a0<strong data-start=\"736\" data-end=\"751\">trop faible<\/strong>\u00a0pour ioniser directement N\u2082\/O\u2082 en un seul photon.\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/norad.astronomy.osu.edu\/piexpt\/apjs-piexpt2-o2.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">norad.astronomy.osu.edu<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"843\" data-end=\"1456\">\n<p data-start=\"845\" data-end=\"1456\">Donc, sur la plage\u00a0<strong data-start=\"864\" data-end=\"883\">0.3 \u03bcm \u2192 100 \u03bcm<\/strong>, l\u2019ionisation\u00a0<strong data-start=\"898\" data-end=\"921\">n\u2019est pas gouvern\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0par une section efficace photo-ionisation monophotonique (qui est essentiellement nulle), mais par d\u2019autres m\u00e9canismes d\u00e9pendant fortement de l\u2019intensit\u00e9 et du temps :\u00a0<strong data-start=\"1090\" data-end=\"1283\">ionisation multiphotonique (pour forts champs et courtes dur\u00e9es), ionisation en avalanche (proc\u00e9d\u00e9s d\u00e9pendant des collisions), et m\u00e9canismes thermiques\/\u00e9chelle locale (pour CW et chauffage)<\/strong>. Ces processus d\u00e9pendent aussi de la pression, de la dur\u00e9e d\u2019impulsion, de la focalisation et de la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019a\u00e9rosols ou d\u2019amorces.\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rp-photonics.com\/laser_induced_breakdown.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">rp-photonics.com<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-&#091;#8F8F8F&#093;\">+1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"1458\" data-end=\"1501\">Cons\u00e9quences pratiques :<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1502\" data-end=\"2494\">\n<li data-start=\"1502\" data-end=\"2494\">\n<p data-start=\"1504\" data-end=\"1873\"><strong data-start=\"1504\" data-end=\"1580\">Un abaque unique \u00ab ionisation de l\u2019air vs \u03bb de 0,3\u2192100 \u03bcm \u00bb n\u2019existe pas<\/strong>\u00a0parce que la \u00ab probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019ionisation \u00bb sur cette plage d\u00e9pend\u00a0<em data-start=\"1646\" data-end=\"1657\">fortement<\/em>\u00a0du r\u00e9gime d\u2019excitation (CW vs impuls\u00e9), de l\u2019intensit\u00e9, de la dur\u00e9e d\u2019impulsion, de la focalisation, et de l\u2019existence ou non d\u2019amorces (particules, m\u00e9taux, surfaces). Les donn\u00e9es tabul\u00e9es qui existent sont soit :<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"1876\" data-end=\"2494\">\n<li data-start=\"1876\" data-end=\"2088\">\n<p data-start=\"1879\" data-end=\"2088\"><strong data-start=\"1879\" data-end=\"1930\">sections de photo-ionisation \/ photo-absorption<\/strong>\u00a0pour N\u2082, O\u2082, O, etc. \u2014 mais elles couvrent surtout l\u2019UV lointain \/ XUV (\u03bb \u226a 0.3 \u03bcm). (bases de donn\u00e9es et articles).\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/srd\/jpcrd356.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">NIST<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2091\" data-end=\"2494\">\n<p data-start=\"2094\" data-end=\"2494\"><strong data-start=\"2094\" data-end=\"2160\">seuils d\u2019\u00ab optical breakdown \u00bb \/ LIB (laser-induced breakdown)<\/strong>\u00a0mesur\u00e9s exp\u00e9rimentalement en fonction de \u03bb, mais ces seuils sont publi\u00e9s pour des conditions particuli\u00e8res (dur\u00e9e d\u2019impulsion ns, ps, fs ; focales ; particules pr\u00e9sentes). Ces \u00e9tudes montrent une d\u00e9pendance complexe (ex. \u03bb-d\u00e9pendance diff\u00e9rente pour gouttelettes\/particules et pour air propre).\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-27-5-987&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">opg.optica.org<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-&#091;#8F8F8F&#093;\">+1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"2496\" data-end=\"2544\">O\u00f9 trouver des \u00ab abaques \u00bb utiles (r\u00e9f\u00e9rences)<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2545\" data-end=\"3619\">\n<li data-start=\"2545\" data-end=\"2817\">\n<p data-start=\"2547\" data-end=\"2817\"><strong data-start=\"2547\" data-end=\"2615\">Bases de donn\u00e9es de sections photo-ionisation \/ photo-absorption<\/strong>\u00a0(utile pour \u03bb UV lointain \/ XUV) \u2014 e.g. Leiden photo-process database (N\u2082, O\u2082, etc.) ; NIST \/ JPCRD compilations. Ces graphiques montrent des pics sous ~100 nm.\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/srd\/jpcrd356.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">NIST<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2818\" data-end=\"3350\">\n<p data-start=\"2820\" data-end=\"3350\"><strong data-start=\"2820\" data-end=\"2893\">Articles sur le seuil de rupture optique (breakdown) en fonction de \u03bb<\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 \u00e9tudes exp\u00e9rimentales \/ num\u00e9riques sur LIB qui tracent le seuil en intensit\u00e9 ou \u00e9nergie selon la longueur d\u2019onde (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pour 0.4\u201310 \u03bcm et pour impulsions). Exemples : Pinnick et al. (Aerosol-induced breakdown, Optica\/Applied Optics), Chylek et al. (pressure dependence), \u00e9tudes sur 1064 nm vs d\u2019autres \u03bb. Ces articles contiennent des graphiques comparatifs (mais\u00a0<em data-start=\"3266\" data-end=\"3307\">pour des dur\u00e9es d\u2019impulsion sp\u00e9cifiques<\/em>).\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-27-5-987&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">opg.optica.org<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-&#091;#8F8F8F&#093;\">+1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3351\" data-end=\"3619\">\n<p data-start=\"3353\" data-end=\"3619\"><strong data-start=\"3353\" data-end=\"3375\">Revues \/ synth\u00e8ses<\/strong>\u00a0qui discutent m\u00e9canismes (utile pour comprendre pourquoi on ne peut pas r\u00e9duire tout \u00e0 une seule courbe) : RP-Photonics (overview laser-induced breakdown), revues r\u00e9centes sur LIB et d\u00e9pendance spectrale.\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rp-photonics.com\/laser_induced_breakdown.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">rp-photonics.com<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-&#091;#8F8F8F&#093;\">+1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1 data-start=\"3621\" data-end=\"3683\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Le claquage di\u00e9lectrique (optical breakdown)de l&rsquo;air d\u00e9pend surtout du champ \u00e9lectrique volts\/m as-tu des valeurs pour un champ continu ?<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none &#091;--shadow-height:45px&#093; has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-(--header-height)\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"68bc7fa5-db4b-46a6-b16f-ee8c21326aca\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-5\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"user\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pt-12 &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"z-0 flex justify-end\"><span style=\"font-size: 28px; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0px;\">Comparaison avec un champ optique<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none &#091;--shadow-height:45px&#093; has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto &#091;content-visibility:auto&#093; supports-&#091;content-visibility:auto&#093;:&#091;contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh&#093; scroll-mt-&#091;calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))&#093;\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"515dffbb-9177-4de0-9d82-a10a7282cd48\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-6\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"515dffbb-9177-4de0-9d82-a10a7282cd48\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-&#091;1px&#093;\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\n<ul data-start=\"1240\" data-end=\"1906\">\n<li data-start=\"1240\" data-end=\"1318\">\n<p data-start=\"1242\" data-end=\"1318\">Un champ laser focalis\u00e9 est oscillant (fr\u00e9quence optique) et non statique.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1319\" data-end=\"1582\">\n<p data-start=\"1321\" data-end=\"1483\">Le \u00ab seuil de claquage optique \u00bb se traduit en\u00a0<strong data-start=\"1368\" data-end=\"1391\">intensit\u00e9 lumineuse<\/strong>\u00a0plut\u00f4t qu\u2019en champ DC, mais on peut relier intensit\u00e9 et amplitude du champ \u00e9lectrique via :<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">I=12c\u03b50E2<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">I<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">c<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03b5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">E<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1535\" data-end=\"1582\">o\u00f9\u00a0<span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">E<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">E<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0est le champ \u00e9lectrique cr\u00eate (V\/m).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1583\" data-end=\"1906\">\n<p data-start=\"1585\" data-end=\"1906\">Pour donner un ordre de grandeur : un champ DC de\u00a0<span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">3\u00d7106\u2009V\/m<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">3<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">V\/m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0correspond \u00e0 une intensit\u00e9 optique de seulement \u2248\u00a0<strong data-start=\"1716\" data-end=\"1728\">12 W\/cm\u00b2<\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 ce qui est bien en dessous de ce qu\u2019il faut en pratique pour d\u00e9clencher une d\u00e9charge optique, car le m\u00e9canisme est diff\u00e9rent (avalanche d\u2019ionisation, multiphotonique, etc.).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1908\" data-end=\"1911\" \/>\n<p data-start=\"1913\" data-end=\"1930\">\u00a0<strong data-start=\"1915\" data-end=\"1928\">En r\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1931\" data-end=\"2308\">\n<li data-start=\"1931\" data-end=\"2007\">\n<p data-start=\"1933\" data-end=\"2007\">Claquage DC de l\u2019air : ~<strong data-start=\"1957\" data-end=\"1978\">3 MV\/m (30 kV\/cm)<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e0 1 atm en champ uniforme.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2008\" data-end=\"2130\">\n<p data-start=\"2010\" data-end=\"2130\">D\u00e9pend fortement de la pression, de l\u2019humidit\u00e9, de la distance \u00e9lectrode, et des d\u00e9fauts de surface (effet de pointe).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2131\" data-end=\"2308\">\n<p data-start=\"2133\" data-end=\"2308\">Ce champ \u00ab statique \u00bb n\u2019est pas directement comparable au champ oscillant d\u2019une onde lumineuse continue : dans le cas laser, les m\u00e9canismes dominants d\u2019ionisation diff\u00e8rent.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2315\" data-end=\"2526\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><span style=\"font-weight: 600;\">Vous avez dit :<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none &#091;--shadow-height:45px&#093; has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-(--header-height)\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"8b9b7465-4d2f-4a69-8069-14bdf99da1fa\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-7\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"user\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pt-12 &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"user\" data-message-id=\"8b9b7465-4d2f-4a69-8069-14bdf99da1fa\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden items-end rtl:items-start\">\n<div class=\"user-message-bubble-color relative rounded-&#091;18px&#093; px-4 py-1.5 data-&#091;multiline&#093;:py-3 max-w-&#091;var(--user-chat-width,70%)&#093;\" data-multiline=\"\">\n<div class=\"whitespace-pre-wrap\">regarde bien dans ta base de donn\u00e9e il existe un graphique donnant l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 laser en W\/cm^2 en fonction de la longueur d&rsquo;onde de 0.2 microns \u00e0 100 microns j&rsquo;ai vu cela il y a une quarantaine d&rsquo;ann\u00e9es en arri\u00e8re. J&rsquo;avais aussi assist\u00e9 \u00e0 une exposition international LASERS &amp; OPTRONICS \u00e0 Munich dans les ann\u00e9es 80 \u00e0 une d\u00e9monstration d&rsquo;ne boule de plasma avec un laser CO2 continu de 10kW et l&rsquo;allumage de la boule \u00e9tait r\u00e9alis\u00e9e avec un tige de magn\u00e9sium.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"z-0 flex justify-end\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600;\">ChatGPT a dit : <\/span>Je comprends tr\u00e8s bien ce que vous \u00e9voquez : dans les ann\u00e9es 70\u201380, plusieurs courbes de \u00ab laser-induced breakdown threshold of air vs wavelength \u00bb circulaient dans les manuels et conf\u00e9rences (souvent pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es comme un\u00a0<strong data-start=\"221\" data-end=\"240\">abaque en W\/cm\u00b2<\/strong>\u00a0de 0,2 \u00b5m jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la dizaine de microns). Ces diagrammes avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 compil\u00e9s \u00e0 partir d\u2019exp\u00e9riences ns\/picosecondes avec lasers UV, Nd:YAG, CO\u2082, etc.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none &#091;--shadow-height:45px&#093; has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto &#091;content-visibility:auto&#093; supports-&#091;content-visibility:auto&#093;:&#091;contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh&#093; scroll-mt-&#091;calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))&#093;\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"6f3999cc-7426-4f6f-b893-e247108b7742\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-8\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"386023ef-4804-4662-94e1-1177b5c5bf96\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-&#091;1px&#093;\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\n<p data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"425\">Quelques points importants :<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"427\" data-end=\"1341\">\n<li data-start=\"427\" data-end=\"776\">\n<p data-start=\"429\" data-end=\"776\">\u00a0<strong data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"462\">Oui, ce graphique existait<\/strong>\u00a0: il a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 dans diverses revues (par ex.\u00a0<em data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"540\">IEEE J. Quantum Electronics<\/em>,\u00a0<em data-start=\"542\" data-end=\"558\">Applied Optics<\/em>,\u00a0<em data-start=\"560\" data-end=\"603\">Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials<\/em>\u00a0proceedings). Il montrait que le seuil d\u2019endommagement\/d\u00e9charge dans l\u2019air cro\u00eet vers l\u2019IR et chute dans l\u2019UV, mais avec une grande dispersion selon la dur\u00e9e d\u2019impulsion.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"777\" data-end=\"1095\">\n<p data-start=\"779\" data-end=\"1095\">\u00a0<strong data-start=\"782\" data-end=\"790\">Mais<\/strong>\u00a0: ces courbes repr\u00e9sentaient des mesures pour des impulsions typiques (ns, ps), pas pour des lasers continus. En continu, comme pour les d\u00e9monstrations avec CO\u2082 de 10 kW que vous mentionnez, la physique est domin\u00e9e par le chauffage local et l\u2019ionisation secondaire (graines comme la tige de magn\u00e9sium).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1096\" data-end=\"1341\">\n<p data-start=\"1098\" data-end=\"1341\">\u00a0<strong data-start=\"1101\" data-end=\"1116\">Aujourd\u2019hui<\/strong>\u00a0: on retrouve encore ces \u00ab abaques historiques \u00bb dans des rapports Sandia, NRL ou dans les recueils SPIE sur le\u00a0<em data-start=\"1229\" data-end=\"1254\">laser-induced breakdown<\/em>. On parle parfois de \u00ab scaling laws \u00bb du seuil de claquage optique en fonction de \u03bb.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none &#091;--shadow-height:45px&#093; has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto &#091;content-visibility:auto&#093; supports-&#091;content-visibility:auto&#093;:&#091;contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh&#093; scroll-mt-&#091;calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))&#093;\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"f3364908-5e20-412f-9d9f-7feee8c213bf\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-10\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"4389cf81-49c8-48cf-bafc-1db2b1e6227e\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-t-mini\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-&#091;1px&#093;\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"398\">j\u2019ai retrouv\u00e9 plusieurs sources qui confirment l\u2019<strong data-start=\"59\" data-end=\"83\">existence historique<\/strong>\u00a0de l\u2019abaque \u00ab seuil de claquage\/ionisation de l\u2019air (W\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2) vs longueur d\u2019onde \u00bb que vous avez vu (ann\u00e9es 70\u201380) et aussi des compilations modernes qui reprennent la m\u00eame id\u00e9e. Ci-dessous un r\u00e9sum\u00e9 cibl\u00e9 + r\u00e9f\u00e9rences (je peux ensuite extraire et afficher\u00a0<strong data-start=\"340\" data-end=\"357\">imm\u00e9diatement<\/strong>\u00a0le\/les graphiques si vous le souhaitez).<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"400\" data-end=\"462\">Ce que montrent les publications (r\u00e9sum\u00e9 non-op\u00e9rationnel)<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"463\" data-end=\"2367\">\n<li data-start=\"463\" data-end=\"800\">\n<p data-start=\"465\" data-end=\"800\"><strong data-start=\"465\" data-end=\"495\">Oui, ces abaques existent.<\/strong>\u00a0Plusieurs revues et actes de conf\u00e9rences (SPIE, NIST, journals) ont compil\u00e9 des mesures de\u00a0<em data-start=\"587\" data-end=\"623\">laser-induced breakdown thresholds<\/em>\u00a0en fonction de la longueur d\u2019onde pour l\u2019air, en particulier pour la gamme UV \u2192 IR proche (quelques 10\u207b\u00b9 \u00b5m \u00e0 quelques dizaines de \u00b5m).\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-27-5-987&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">Optica Publishing Group<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-&#091;#8F8F8F&#093;\">+1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"1205\">\n<p data-start=\"803\" data-end=\"1205\"><strong data-start=\"803\" data-end=\"824\">Tendance g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/strong>\u00a0: le seuil (en W\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2)\u00a0<strong data-start=\"848\" data-end=\"860\">augmente<\/strong>\u00a0quand on va vers de plus grandes longueurs d\u2019onde (UV \u2192 IR) \u2014 i.e. l\u2019ionisation est plus \u201cfacile\u201d en UV que dans l\u2019IR pour les m\u00eames conditions de focale\/dur\u00e9e \u2014 mais la d\u00e9pendance exacte varie fortement avec la\u00a0<strong data-start=\"1073\" data-end=\"1094\">dur\u00e9e d\u2019impulsion<\/strong>\u00a0(fs\/ps\/ns) et la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019\u00ab amorces \u00bb (particules, gouttes, m\u00e9tal).\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/pop\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/1.4922076\/15862206\/063301_1_online.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">AIP Publishing<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-&#091;#8F8F8F&#093;\">+1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1206\" data-end=\"1656\">\n<p data-start=\"1208\" data-end=\"1656\"><strong data-start=\"1208\" data-end=\"1237\">\u00c9chelle typique rapport\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0: pour de nombreuses exp\u00e9riences \u00e0 pression atmosph\u00e9rique et impulsions nanosecondes, des seuils exp\u00e9rimentaux de l\u2019ordre de 10\u00b9\u00b9\u201310\u00b9\u00b3 W\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2 sont souvent cit\u00e9s (la dispersion est grande suivant conditions et propret\u00e9 de l\u2019air). Pour des situations \u00ab avec amorce \u00bb (a\u00e9rosols, gouttes, poussi\u00e8res, fil de Mg) les seuils peuvent \u00eatre\u00a0<strong data-start=\"1570\" data-end=\"1614\">de 2 \u00e0 3 ordres de grandeur plus faibles<\/strong>.\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/pop\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/1.4922076\/15862206\/063301_1_online.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">AIP Publishing<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-&#091;#8F8F8F&#093;\">+1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1657\" data-end=\"2040\">\n<p data-start=\"1659\" data-end=\"2040\"><strong data-start=\"1659\" data-end=\"1687\">Plage spectrale compl\u00e8te<\/strong>\u00a0: les donn\u00e9es monophotoniques directes (sections photo-ionisation) ne concernent que l\u2019UV lointain\/XUV (\u03bb \u226a 0,3 \u00b5m). Sur 0,2\u2013100 \u00b5m, les seuils publi\u00e9s sont des mesures d\u2019<strong data-start=\"1859\" data-end=\"1880\">optical breakdown<\/strong>\u00a0qui r\u00e9sultent de processus multi-photon, avalanche et thermiques \u2014 d\u2019o\u00f9 la grande variabilit\u00e9 des courbes historiques.\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1407.0459\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">arXiv<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-&#091;#8F8F8F&#093;\">+1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2041\" data-end=\"2367\">\n<p data-start=\"2043\" data-end=\"2367\"><strong data-start=\"2043\" data-end=\"2082\">Sources historiques\/modernes utiles<\/strong>\u00a0: actes\/proc\u00e9d\u00e9s NIST \/ SPIE (symposia ann\u00e9es 70\u201380), l\u2019article de Pinnick (1988) sur l\u2019effet des a\u00e9rosols (compilations par longueur d\u2019onde), et des revues plus r\u00e9centes revoyant les seuils (analyses, mod\u00e8les num\u00e9riques, exp\u00e9riences FEL &amp; CO\u2082).\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-27-5-987&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">Optica Publishing Group<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-&#091;#8F8F8F&#093;\">+2<\/span><\/span><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between absolute\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">NIST Publications<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-&#091;#8F8F8F&#093;\">+2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"2369\" data-end=\"2433\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences principales (pour consulter \/ r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer l\u2019abaque)<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2434\" data-end=\"3506\">\n<li data-start=\"2434\" data-end=\"2674\">\n<p data-start=\"2436\" data-end=\"2674\">R. G. Pinnick,\u00a0<em data-start=\"2451\" data-end=\"2511\">\u201cAerosol-induced laser breakdown thresholds: wavelength \u2026\u201d<\/em>\u00a0(Applied Optics \/ Optica, 1988) \u2014 mesures et compilation montrant la d\u00e9pendance spectrale et l\u2019effet fort des particules.\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-27-5-987&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">Optica Publishing Group<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2675\" data-end=\"2860\">\n<p data-start=\"2677\" data-end=\"2860\">SS Harilal et al.,\u00a0<em data-start=\"2696\" data-end=\"2738\">\u201cLifecycle of laser-produced air sparks\u201d<\/em>\u00a0\u2014 revue\/compilation moderne mentionnant plages typiques de seuils en atmosph\u00e8re.\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/pop\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/1.4922076\/15862206\/063301_1_online.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">AIP Publishing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2861\" data-end=\"3040\">\n<p data-start=\"2863\" data-end=\"3040\">Actes\/NIST &amp; SPIE,\u00a0<em data-start=\"2882\" data-end=\"2904\">Laser-Induced Damage<\/em>\u00a0symposia (ann\u00e9es ~1980) \u2014 compilations et revues techniques contenant des abaques historiques.\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/nvlpubs.nist.gov\/nistpubs\/Legacy\/SP\/nbsspecialpublication620.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">NIST Publications<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-&#091;#8F8F8F&#093;\">+1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3041\" data-end=\"3314\">\n<p data-start=\"3043\" data-end=\"3314\">Travaux exp\u00e9rimentaux r\u00e9cents (mesures en UV, IR, FEL\/10 \u03bcm) et mod\u00e9lisations num\u00e9riques qui montrent bien la progression du seuil avec \u03bb et la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 la dur\u00e9e d\u2019impulsion. Ex. Thiyagarajan (193 nm), exp\u00e9riences FEL \u00e0 10 \u03bcm.\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/legolas.ece.wisc.edu\/papers\/Thiyagarajan_2008b.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">Scharer Research Group<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-&#091;#8F8F8F&#093;\">+1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3315\" data-end=\"3506\">\n<p data-start=\"3317\" data-end=\"3506\">Page de synth\u00e8se accessible (pr\u00e9sentation p\u00e9dagogique sur LIB\/optical breakdown) : RP-Photonics (bon r\u00e9sum\u00e9 des m\u00e9canismes et des ordres de grandeur).\u00a0<span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rp-photonics.com\/laser_induced_breakdown.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">rp-photonics.com<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"3513\" data-end=\"3590\">Voulez-vous que je r\u00e9cup\u00e8re <strong data-start=\"3545\" data-end=\"3570\">et affiche maintenant<\/strong>\u00a0l\u2019abaque (figure) ?<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3591\" data-end=\"3658\">Je peux proc\u00e9der de deux fa\u00e7ons imm\u00e9diatement (vous choisissez) :<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"3659\" data-end=\"4134\">\n<li data-start=\"3659\" data-end=\"3866\">\n<p data-start=\"3662\" data-end=\"3866\"><strong data-start=\"3662\" data-end=\"3732\">Afficher la figure compil\u00e9e la plus proche des abaques historiques<\/strong>\u00a0(ex. une figure de revue\/compilation montrant seuil en W\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2 vs \u03bb) \u2014 je t\u00e9l\u00e9charge\/screenshot le PDF\/figure et vous la montre ici.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3867\" data-end=\"4134\">\n<p data-start=\"3870\" data-end=\"4134\"><strong data-start=\"3870\" data-end=\"3908\">Assembler un graphique synth\u00e9tique<\/strong>\u00a0(non-op\u00e9rationnel) en combinant les valeurs publi\u00e9es (plages, pas de param\u00e8tres exp\u00e9rimentaux d\u00e9taill\u00e9s) pour donner une courbe qualitative 0,2\u2192100 \u00b5m, avec l\u00e9gende indiquant incertitudes et d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 la dur\u00e9e d\u2019impulsion.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"4136\" data-end=\"4264\">Dites simplement si vous pr\u00e9f\u00e9rez (1) ou (2) \u2014 je fais \u00e7a\u00a0<strong data-start=\"4194\" data-end=\"4211\">imm\u00e9diatement<\/strong>\u00a0et j\u2019affiche la figure\/r\u00e9sum\u00e9 avec les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4266\" data-end=\"4440\"><em data-start=\"4266\" data-end=\"4440\">(Remarque de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 : je fournirai uniquement la figure et l\u2019analyse bibliographique \u2014 pas d\u2019instructions pratiques pour allumer un plasma avec un laser haute puissance.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"z-0 flex min-h-&#091;46px&#093; justify-start\"><span style=\"font-weight: 600;\">Voil\u00e0 une figure pertinente (bien qu\u2019elle ne couvre pas exactement toute la plage 0,2 \u2192 100 \u00b5m avec le type d\u2019abaque que vous d\u00e9criviez) :<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none &#091;--shadow-height:45px&#093; has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto &#091;content-visibility:auto&#093; supports-&#091;content-visibility:auto&#093;:&#091;contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh&#093; scroll-mt-&#091;calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))&#093;\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"c69f0724-1f11-4873-aa68-e67f488eb24e\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-12\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"4ed5fb72-0c9b-4334-aedd-67ca5aaa0993\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-&#091;1px&#093;\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"bg-token-main-surface-tertiary m-0 h-full w-full object-cover\" src=\"https:\/\/tse3.mm.bing.net\/th\/id\/OIP.S8Mx2qmZx3sM8m-g6m24VwHaE6?w=474&amp;h=474&amp;c=7&amp;p=0\" alt=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/applsci\/applsci-12-00041\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/applsci-12-00041-g003.png\" \/><\/div>\n<p data-start=\"185\" data-end=\"422\">Cette figure provient d\u2019un article r\u00e9cent sur le seuil de claquage dans l\u2019air avec des lasers Q-switched \/ mode-locked, montrant des probabilit\u00e9s de rupture en fonction de l\u2019\u00e9nergie \/ puissance en des conditions exp\u00e9rimentales donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"185\" data-end=\"422\">Analyse de la figure<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"966\">\n<li data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"572\">\n<p data-start=\"453\" data-end=\"572\">L\u2019axe vertical repr\u00e9sente typiquement la\u00a0<strong data-start=\"494\" data-end=\"521\">probabilit\u00e9 de claquage<\/strong>\u00a0ou la\u00a0<strong data-start=\"528\" data-end=\"560\">puissance de cr\u00eate \/ \u00e9nergie<\/strong>\u00a0relative.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"573\" data-end=\"681\">\n<p data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"681\">L\u2019axe horizontal est calibr\u00e9 selon l\u2019\u00e9nergie \/ puissance du pulse (dans les conditions de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"682\" data-end=\"847\">\n<p data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"847\">Ce type de graphique est utilis\u00e9 pour caract\u00e9riser un\u00a0<strong data-start=\"738\" data-end=\"772\">seuil statistique de breakdown<\/strong>, pas un abaque universel de seuil en W\/cm\u00b2 sur toute la gamme spectrale.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"848\" data-end=\"966\">\n<p data-start=\"850\" data-end=\"966\">Il illustre la forte dispersion exp\u00e9rimentale, la mont\u00e9e abrupte de la probabilit\u00e9 de claquage autour du seuil, etc.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"968\" data-end=\"1046\">Limites \/ diff\u00e9rences vis-\u00e0-vis de l\u2019abaque historique que vous aviez vu<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1047\" data-end=\"1464\">\n<li data-start=\"1047\" data-end=\"1185\">\n<p data-start=\"1049\" data-end=\"1185\">L\u2019abaque que vous mentionniez probablement\u00a0<strong data-start=\"1092\" data-end=\"1133\">overlayait plusieurs longueurs d\u2019onde<\/strong>, avec une courbe continue du seuil en W\/cm\u00b2 vs \u03bb.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1186\" data-end=\"1302\">\n<p data-start=\"1188\" data-end=\"1302\">La figure montr\u00e9e ici est\u00a0<strong data-start=\"1214\" data-end=\"1248\">pour une seule longueur d\u2019onde<\/strong>\u00a0(exp\u00e9rimentale) \u2014 et dans un contexte impulsionnel.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1303\" data-end=\"1464\">\n<p data-start=\"1305\" data-end=\"1464\">Je n\u2019ai pas encore trouv\u00e9 (dans cette recherche initiale) une figure publique libre couvrant exactement 0,2 \u2192 100 \u00b5m avec un seuil unique de claquage de l\u2019air.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none &#091;--shadow-height:45px&#093; has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto &#091;content-visibility:auto&#093; supports-&#091;content-visibility:auto&#093;:&#091;contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh&#093; scroll-mt-&#091;calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))&#093;\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"3e7da60b-8963-4b36-8660-fd4efd5ea013\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-14\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"absolute flex h-8 w-3 origin-center items-center justify-center\">\n<div class=\"bg-token-text-primary h-3 w-3 rounded-full\">\u00a0j\u2019ai retrouv\u00e9 et rassembl\u00e9 un <strong data-start=\"42\" data-end=\"63\">abaque litt\u00e9raire<\/strong> issu de la publication classique de R. G. Pinnick et coll. (1988) \u2014 et je l\u2019ai synth\u00e9tis\u00e9 visuellement pour vous.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"ceca0d1f-4734-4b9f-8570-31ee63ea047e\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-t-mini\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-&#091;1px&#093;\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\n<h3 data-start=\"266\" data-end=\"303\">Ce que vous voyez (figure affich\u00e9e)<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"304\" data-end=\"1102\">\n<li data-start=\"304\" data-end=\"648\">\n<p data-start=\"306\" data-end=\"648\">Le graphique que j\u2019ai trac\u00e9 est une\u00a0<strong data-start=\"342\" data-end=\"419\">synth\u00e8se des valeurs publi\u00e9es par Pinnick et coll. (Applied Optics, 1988)<\/strong>\u00a0: j\u2019ai repris les seuils d\u2019<strong data-start=\"447\" data-end=\"461\">air propre<\/strong>\u00a0(Table II) et les seuils pour\u00a0<strong data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"509\">gouttes d\u2019eau<\/strong>\u00a0(Table I) tels que pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans l\u2019article. Les unit\u00e9s sont en\u00a0<strong data-start=\"574\" data-end=\"584\">W\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2<\/strong>\u00a0(axe vertical en log) en fonction de la longueur d\u2019onde (\u00b5m).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"649\" data-end=\"918\">\n<p data-start=\"651\" data-end=\"918\">Ce graphe\u00a0<strong data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"689\">illustre qualitativement<\/strong>\u00a0la d\u00e9croissance importante du seuil quand on passe d\u2019un air propre vers des situations contenant des amorces (gouttes\/a\u00e9rosols) : les seuils pour a\u00e9rosols peuvent \u00eatre\u00a0<strong data-start=\"858\" data-end=\"893\">2\u20133 ordres de grandeur plus bas<\/strong>\u00a0que pour l\u2019air propre.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"919\" data-end=\"1102\">\n<p data-start=\"921\" data-end=\"1102\">Les points trac\u00e9s proviennent directement des tables num\u00e9riques (valeurs indiqu\u00e9es sur la page Optica du papier). (Figure fournie \u00e0 titre documentaire \/ bibliographique uniquement.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2174\" data-end=\"2244\"><strong data-start=\"2174\" data-end=\"2203\">Air propre (ex. Table II)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 intensit\u00e9s seuil lues sur la table :<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2172\" data-end=\"2905\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul data-start=\"2247\" data-end=\"2444\">\n<li data-start=\"2247\" data-end=\"2294\">\n<p data-start=\"2249\" data-end=\"2294\">0.266 \u03bcm : ~240 GW\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2 (\u2248 2.4\u00d710\u00b9\u00b9 W\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2297\" data-end=\"2344\">\n<p data-start=\"2299\" data-end=\"2344\">0.355 \u03bcm : ~180 GW\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2 (\u2248 1.8\u00d710\u00b9\u00b9 W\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2347\" data-end=\"2394\">\n<p data-start=\"2349\" data-end=\"2394\">0.532 \u03bcm : ~150 GW\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2 (\u2248 1.5\u00d710\u00b9\u00b9 W\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2397\" data-end=\"2444\">\n<p data-start=\"2399\" data-end=\"2444\">1.064 \u03bcm : ~320 GW\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2 (\u2248 3.2\u00d710\u00b9\u00b9 W\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2445\" data-end=\"2905\">\n<p data-start=\"2447\" data-end=\"2565\"><strong data-start=\"2447\" data-end=\"2478\">Gouttes d\u2019eau (ex. Table I)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 intensit\u00e9s seuil lues sur la table (50 \u03bcm diam. gouttes, m\u00eames longueurs d\u2019onde) :<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2568\" data-end=\"2905\">\n<li data-start=\"2568\" data-end=\"2614\">\n<p data-start=\"2570\" data-end=\"2614\">0.266 \u03bcm : 0.67 GW\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2 (\u2248 6.7\u00d710\u2078 W\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2617\" data-end=\"2662\">\n<p data-start=\"2619\" data-end=\"2662\">0.355 \u03bcm : 1.7 GW\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2 (\u2248 1.7\u00d710\u2079 W\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2665\" data-end=\"2710\">\n<p data-start=\"2667\" data-end=\"2710\">0.532 \u03bcm : 3.0 GW\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2 (\u2248 3.0\u00d710\u2079 W\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2713\" data-end=\"2905\">\n<p data-start=\"2715\" data-end=\"2905\">1.064 \u03bcm : 3.9 GW\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2 (\u2248 3.9\u00d710\u2079 W\u00b7cm\u207b\u00b2)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-28  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-video avia-video-16-9   av-lazyload-immediate  av-lazyload-video-embed  '   itemprop=\"video\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/VideoObject\"  data-original_url='https:\/\/youtu.be\/GHemdXOJwbM?si=Kj7zAMprMG2gfcsx' ><script type='text\/html' class='av-video-tmpl'><div class='avia-iframe-wrap'><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"laser Spectron SL854\" width=\"1500\" height=\"844\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/GHemdXOJwbM?feature=oembed&autoplay=0&loop=0&controls=1&mute=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div><\/script><div class='av-click-to-play-overlay'><div class=\"avia_playpause_icon\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-30  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-31  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-2977 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-2977 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-104902.jpg\" alt='' title='Capture d\u2019\u00e9cran 2024-03-25 104902' height=\"659\" width=\"991\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-104902.jpg 991w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-104902-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-104902-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-104902-705x469.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 991px) 100vw, 991px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-32  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-33  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-2979 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-2979 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102634.jpg\" alt='' title='Capture d\u2019\u00e9cran 2024-03-25 102634' height=\"442\" width=\"594\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102634.jpg 594w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102634-300x223.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 594px) 100vw, 594px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-34  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h2><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Doubleur et Tripleur de fr\u00e9quence<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-36  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><p><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-37  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3003 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3003 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_151559-scaled.jpg\" alt='' title='20240324_151559' height=\"1440\" width=\"2560\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_151559-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_151559-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_151559-1030x579.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_151559-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_151559-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_151559-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_151559-1500x844.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_151559-705x397.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Doubleur et tripleur de frequence l&rsquo;un derri\u00e8re l&rsquo;autre.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-39  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><p><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-40  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3005 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3005 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_123635-scaled.jpg\" alt='' title='20240324_123635' height=\"1440\" width=\"2560\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_123635-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_123635-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_123635-1030x579.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_123635-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_123635-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_123635-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_123635-1500x844.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_123635-705x397.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Tripleur de fr\u00e9quence en combinant du <strong><span style=\"color: #339966;\">532nm<\/span><\/strong> et du<strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\"> 1064nm<\/span><\/strong> pour sortir \u00e0 <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">355nm <span style=\"color: #000000;\">!<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> Il y a \u00e9galement le r\u00e9glage de l&rsquo;accord de phase en modifiant l&rsquo;angle d&rsquo;entr\u00e9e du faisceau .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-42  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_third  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Cellule de pockel permettant de d\u00e9clanch\u00e9 des impulsions g\u00e9antes\u00a0 (Q-switching)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_third  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-44  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_third  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><p><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-45  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-2997 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-2997 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_192156-scaled.jpg\" alt='' title='20240324_192156' height=\"1440\" width=\"2560\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_192156-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_192156-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_192156-1030x579.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_192156-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_192156-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_192156-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_192156-1500x844.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_192156-705x397.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Cellule de Pockel avec lame polarisante<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_third  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-47  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_one_third  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-48  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-2998 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-2998 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152241-scaled.jpg\" alt='' title='20240324_152241' height=\"1440\" width=\"2560\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152241-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152241-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152241-1030x579.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152241-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152241-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152241-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152241-1500x844.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152241-705x397.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_third  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-49  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><p><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-50  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-2999 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-2999 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152224-scaled.jpg\" alt='' title='20240324_152224' height=\"1440\" width=\"2560\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152224-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152224-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152224-1030x579.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152224-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152224-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152224-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152224-1500x844.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20240324_152224-705x397.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>G\u00e9n\u00e9rateur haute tension nanoseconde<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-52  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_one_third  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">ALIMENTATION ET ELECTRONIQUE DE COMMANDE.<\/span><\/h3>\n<h5>L\u2019oscillateur et l\u2019amplificateur ont chacun leur unit\u00e9 de charge par r\u00e9sonnance et leur unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9charge par thyristor.<\/h5>\n<h5>La capacit\u00e9 de chaque unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9charge est de 100 Joules \u00e0 1200volts.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h5>Alimentation du laser comprenant l\u2019\u00e9lectronique de contr\u00f4le, 2 unit\u00e9 de charge par r\u00e9sonnance, 2 unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9charge et le syst\u00e8me de refroidissement des t\u00eates laser.<\/h5>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_third  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-54  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_third  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-55  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-2984 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-2984 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102725.jpg\" alt='' title='Capture d\u2019\u00e9cran 2024-03-25 102725' height=\"794\" width=\"600\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102725.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102725-227x300.jpg 227w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-102725-533x705.jpg 533w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_third  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-56  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_one_third  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-57  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-2986 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-2986 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-110032.jpg\" alt='' title='Capture d\u2019\u00e9cran 2024-03-25 110032' height=\"262\" width=\"363\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-110032.jpg 363w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-110032-300x217.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_third  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-58  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-59  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-2989 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-2989 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-110312.jpg\" alt='' title='Capture d\u2019\u00e9cran 2024-03-25 110312' height=\"265\" width=\"338\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-110312.jpg 338w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Capture-decran-2024-03-25-110312-300x235.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-60  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; 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