{"id":3298,"date":"2025-05-08T13:52:58","date_gmt":"2025-05-08T11:52:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/?p=3298"},"modified":"2025-10-17T00:17:08","modified_gmt":"2025-10-16T22:17:08","slug":"laser-a-rubis-en-regime-relaxe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/?p=3298","title":{"rendered":"Laser \u00e0 rubis en r\u00e9gime relax\u00e9."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_one_full  avia-builder-el-first  \" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-1  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3299 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3299 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250414_161801-scaled.jpg\" alt='' title='20250414_161801' height=\"2560\" width=\"1770\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250414_161801-scaled.jpg 1770w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250414_161801-207x300.jpg 207w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250414_161801-712x1030.jpg 712w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250414_161801-768x1111.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250414_161801-1062x1536.jpg 1062w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250414_161801-1416x2048.jpg 1416w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250414_161801-1037x1500.jpg 1037w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250414_161801-487x705.jpg 487w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1770px) 100vw, 1770px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>T\u00eate laser utilisant 2 r\u00e9flecteurs aluminise parabolique , un r\u00e9flecteur est muni d&rsquo;un tube flash au x\u00e9non de diam\u00e8tre int\u00e9rieur de 5 mm et diam\u00e8tre ext\u00e9rieur 6.7 mm avec une longueur d&rsquo;arc de 44mm . Le tube est repli avec du x\u00e9non \u00e0 une pression de 800 torr ce qui lui donne une imp\u00e9dence Ko = 11,16 ohm .<\/p>\n<p>Le deuxi\u00e9me r\u00e9flecteur parabolique concentre l&rsquo;\u00e9clair du tube flash sur le rubis. Le rubis \u00e0 un diam\u00e8tre de 6.7mm et une longueur active de 44mm. Il est dop\u00e9 avec 0.05% d&rsquo;oxyde de chrome. La face de sortie est plane et pr\u00e9sente une r\u00e9flexion de 18% ce qui n&rsquo;est pas suffisant il faut y ajout\u00e9 un miroir multi-di\u00e9lectrique ayant une r\u00e9flexion entre 40% et 60%. L&rsquo;autre face est taill\u00e9e en forme de prisme sur le rubis lui m\u00eame ce qui \u00e0 pour effet de r\u00e9alis\u00e9 une r\u00e9flexion interne total de ce fait augment la longueur du barreau de 2 fois donc le gain.<\/p>\n<p>Par les petits tubes on peut rentr\u00e9 de l&rsquo;air pour refroidir le tube flash.<br \/>\nLe rubis est un syst\u00e8me \u00e0 3 niveaux il faut pour obtenir le seuil laser que 50% des atomes de chrome soient pomp\u00e9es sur le niveau E 3 et c&rsquo;est seulement que le seuil laser est atteint. Une \u00e9nergie pompe de 300 J \/cm3 pompe 50% des atomes de chrome.<\/p>\n<p>Ce rubis \u00e0 un volume actif de 1.6 cm3 donc 480 \u00e0 600 J sont n\u00e9cessaire.<br \/>\nJe vous conseille une batterie de condensateurs \u00e9lectrolytique de 4 mF sous 800 V ce qui permettra d&rsquo;obtenir une d\u00e9charge de 500 V 2kA durant 2ms optimum pour ce petit tube flash.ATTENTION DE NE PAS DEPASSE 500J POUR CE TUBE. Une inductance s\u00e9rie de 100 micro Henri sera bien. Je vends \u00e9galement des inductance qui font transfo trigger en s\u00e9rie.<\/p>\n<p>Avec ce rubis vous pouvez travaill\u00e9 uniquement en mode relax\u00e9 avec des pulses de 2 milliseconde et une \u00e9nerie maximum de 2 joules .<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-5  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3305 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3305 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-04-15-150840.png\" alt='' title='Capture d&#039;\u00e9cran 2025-04-15 150840' height=\"401\" width=\"536\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-04-15-150840.png 536w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-04-15-150840-300x224.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 536px) 100vw, 536px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-7  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3300 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3300 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250414_162056.jpg\" alt='' title='20250414_162056' height=\"1401\" width=\"1223\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250414_162056.jpg 1223w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250414_162056-262x300.jpg 262w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250414_162056-899x1030.jpg 899w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250414_162056-768x880.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250414_162056-615x705.jpg 615w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1223px) 100vw, 1223px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-9  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3306 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3306 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_115512-scaled.jpg\" alt='' title='20250415_115512' height=\"1383\" width=\"2560\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_115512-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_115512-300x162.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_115512-1030x556.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_115512-768x415.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_115512-1536x830.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_115512-2048x1106.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_115512-1500x810.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_115512-705x381.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h3 data-start=\"184\" data-end=\"233\">\u00a01. Rappel sur la structure du laser \u00e0 rubis<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"235\" data-end=\"595\">\n<li data-start=\"235\" data-end=\"309\">\n<p data-start=\"237\" data-end=\"309\">Milieu amplificateur : <strong data-start=\"260\" data-end=\"279\">Cr\u00b3\u207a dans Al\u2082O\u2083<\/strong> (concentration 0,05 % Cr\u2082O\u2083).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"310\" data-end=\"375\">\n<p data-start=\"312\" data-end=\"375\">Transition laser : entre les niveaux <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">2E\u21924A2^2E \\to ^4A_2<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">E<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2192<span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">A<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> de Cr\u00b3\u207a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"376\" data-end=\"436\">\n<p data-start=\"378\" data-end=\"436\">Longueur d\u2019onde d\u2019\u00e9mission : <strong data-start=\"407\" data-end=\"419\">694,3 nm<\/strong> (rouge profond).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"522\">\n<p data-start=\"439\" data-end=\"522\">Pompage : lumi\u00e8re intense du flash au x\u00e9non (~550 nm) excitant le niveau <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">4T2^4T_2<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">T<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"523\" data-end=\"595\">\n<p data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"595\">Rubis \u2192 <strong data-start=\"533\" data-end=\"558\">laser \u00e0 trois niveaux<\/strong>, donc seuil d\u2019inversion assez \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"602\" data-end=\"664\">2. Pourquoi une extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 en forme de <strong data-start=\"646\" data-end=\"662\">prisme \u00e0 90\u00b0<\/strong> ?<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"760\">C\u2019est un choix <strong data-start=\"681\" data-end=\"704\">optique et pratique<\/strong>, pour <strong data-start=\"711\" data-end=\"744\">\u00e9viter l\u2019oscillation parasite<\/strong> sur cette face.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"760\">Explication :<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"782\" data-end=\"857\">Un laser \u00e0 rubis doit avoir deux miroirs formant une <strong data-start=\"835\" data-end=\"855\">cavit\u00e9 r\u00e9sonante<\/strong> :<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"858\" data-end=\"972\">\n<li data-start=\"858\" data-end=\"894\">\n<p data-start=\"860\" data-end=\"894\">un miroir total (100 %) d\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"895\" data-end=\"972\">\n<p data-start=\"897\" data-end=\"972\">un miroir partiellement r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissant (face de sortie, ~70 % R) de l\u2019autre.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"974\" data-end=\"1306\">Mais dans certains montages, <strong data-start=\"1003\" data-end=\"1058\">on ne d\u00e9pose pas de miroir directement sur le rubis<\/strong>, on utilise des miroirs externes.<br data-start=\"1092\" data-end=\"1095\" \/>Dans ce cas, il faut <strong data-start=\"1116\" data-end=\"1177\">\u00e9viter que les faces du cristal elles-m\u00eames r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissent<\/strong> la lumi\u00e8re par r\u00e9flexion de Fresnel (~8 %) et forment une cavit\u00e9 parasite interne \u2192 ce qui perturberait la r\u00e9sonance principale. Une face prismatique <em data-start=\"391\" data-end=\"397\">peut<\/em> renvoyer les rayons parall\u00e8les \u00e0 l\u2019axe sur ce m\u00eame axe \u2014 elle peut donc se comporter comme un miroir interne et non comme un dispositif qui \u00ab d\u00e9vie hors axe \u00bb. Voici la description plus pr\u00e9cise :<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"1755\">\n<li data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"937\">\n<p data-start=\"597\" data-end=\"937\">Si l\u2019extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 du cristal est taill\u00e9e en <strong data-start=\"638\" data-end=\"654\">prisme droit<\/strong> (face hypotenuse \u00e0 45\u00b0 par rapport \u00e0 l\u2019axe) et que l\u2019angle d\u2019incidence satisfait la condition de <strong data-start=\"752\" data-end=\"786\">r\u00e9flexion totale interne (RTI)<\/strong> sur la face inclin\u00e9e, le faisceau axial r\u00e9fl\u00e9chi revient pratiquement colin\u00e9aire \u00e0 l\u2019axe mais dans le sens oppos\u00e9 (effet de r\u00e9tro-r\u00e9flexion\/renvoi).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"938\" data-end=\"1177\">\n<p data-start=\"940\" data-end=\"1177\">Autrement dit, cette face prismatique peut <strong data-start=\"983\" data-end=\"1020\">jouer le r\u00f4le d\u2019un miroir interne<\/strong> sans d\u00e9p\u00f4t de couche r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissante : avantage m\u00e9canique et thermique (pas de d\u00e9p\u00f4t fragile), et possibilit\u00e9 de contr\u00f4ler la polarisation\/phase du retour.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1178\" data-end=\"1327\">\n<p data-start=\"1180\" data-end=\"1327\">Selon la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie exacte (angles, polissage, pr\u00e9sence\/absence de rev\u00eatement, indices), la r\u00e9flexion peut \u00eatre presque totale (RTI) ou partielle.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1328\" data-end=\"1480\">\n<p data-start=\"1330\" data-end=\"1480\">Avantages pratiques : robustesse, \u00e9limination de d\u00e9p\u00f4ts fragiles, possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019ajuster les pertes de sortie \/ retours et la distribution des modes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1481\" data-end=\"1755\">\n<p data-start=\"1483\" data-end=\"1755\">Inconv\u00e9nients possibles : si la face est parfaitement r\u00e9tro-r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissante elle peut cr\u00e9er <em data-start=\"1574\" data-end=\"1579\">une<\/em> cavit\u00e9 suppl\u00e9mentaire (ou renforcer la cavit\u00e9 principale) \u2014 il faut g\u00e9rer les pertes\/r\u00e9flexions pour \u00e9viter des oscillations ind\u00e9sirables en modes transverses ou instabilit\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-12  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-13  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3641 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3641 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-10-16-135437.png\" alt='' title='Capture d&#039;\u00e9cran 2025-10-16 135437' height=\"632\" width=\"948\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-10-16-135437.png 948w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-10-16-135437-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-10-16-135437-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-10-16-135437-705x470.png 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 948px) 100vw, 948px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-14  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><p><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-15  el_before_av_image  avia-builder-el-first  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3643 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3643 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-10-16-135533.png\" alt='' title='Capture d&#039;\u00e9cran 2025-10-16 135533' height=\"570\" width=\"888\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-10-16-135533.png 888w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-10-16-135533-300x193.png 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-10-16-135533-768x493.png 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-10-16-135533-705x453.png 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 888px) 100vw, 888px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-16  el_after_av_image  el_before_av_image  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3644 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3644 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-10-16-135624.png\" alt='' title='Capture d&#039;\u00e9cran 2025-10-16 135624' height=\"302\" width=\"947\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-10-16-135624.png 947w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-10-16-135624-300x96.png 300w, 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flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-19  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-20  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3311 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3311 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-04-15-150633.png\" alt='' title='Capture d&#039;\u00e9cran 2025-04-15 150633' height=\"436\" width=\"1132\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-04-15-150633.png 1132w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-04-15-150633-300x116.png 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-04-15-150633-1030x397.png 1030w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-04-15-150633-768x296.png 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-04-15-150633-705x272.png 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1132px) 100vw, 1132px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-21  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-22  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div 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https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_115312-2048x1051.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_115312-1500x770.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_115312-705x362.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-23  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-24  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3302 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3302 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_114533-995x1030.jpg\" alt='' title='20250415_114533' height=\"1030\" width=\"995\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_114533-995x1030.jpg 995w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_114533-290x300.jpg 290w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_114533-768x795.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_114533-1483x1536.jpg 1483w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_114533-36x36.jpg 36w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_114533-1448x1500.jpg 1448w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_114533-681x705.jpg 681w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/20250415_114533.jpg 1738w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-25  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none &#091;--shadow-height:45px&#093; has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto &#091;content-visibility:auto&#093; supports-&#091;content-visibility:auto&#093;:&#091;contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh&#093; scroll-mt-&#091;calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))&#093;\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"80bd3521-ea97-4441-8add-7be926db8778\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-6\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"5f302693-ca99-41a0-b50e-d781affd7a8c\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-t-mini\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-&#091;1px&#093;\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\n<h3 data-start=\"342\" data-end=\"396\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Hypoth\u00e8ses de base (utilis\u00e9es pour les estimations)<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"397\" data-end=\"1031\">\n<li data-start=\"397\" data-end=\"593\">\n<p data-start=\"399\" data-end=\"593\">Rubis (Cr:Al\u2082O\u2083) \u2014 dur\u00e9e de vie de l\u2019\u00e9tat excit\u00e9 (temps de d\u00e9croissance radiative) typique :<br data-start=\"491\" data-end=\"494\" \/><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\u03c4sp\u22483\u00a0ms\\tau_{\\text{sp}} \\approx 3\\ \\text{ms}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord text mtight\">sp<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">3<\/span><span class=\"mspace\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">ms<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (valeur courante pour le rubis \u00e0 temp\u00e9rature ambiante).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"594\" data-end=\"842\">\n<p data-start=\"596\" data-end=\"842\">Pompage par lampes flash au x\u00e9non : profil temporel typique d\u00e9pend du circuit (condensateur, inductance, r\u00e9sistance) et de la capa utilis\u00e9e. Les largeurs optiques usuelles vont de quelques <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">10\u2212510^{-5}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u22125<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> s (dizaines \u00e0 centaines de \u00b5s) \u00e0 quelques ms.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"843\" data-end=\"1031\">\n<p data-start=\"845\" data-end=\"1031\">On consid\u00e8re ici un montage flash classique (condensateur \u2192 flashlamp) sans refroidissement extr\u00eame, et une \u00e9nergie par coup typique de l\u2019ordre de 10\u00b2\u201310\u00b3 J (comme discut\u00e9 pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"1038\" data-end=\"1098\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">1) Estimation de la dur\u00e9e d\u2019impulsion (ordre de grandeur)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1100\" data-end=\"1192\">Trois r\u00e9gimes possibles suivant la relation entre <strong data-start=\"1150\" data-end=\"1178\">dur\u00e9e de pompage <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">tpt_p<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">t<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">p<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong> et <strong data-start=\"1182\" data-end=\"1190\">\u03c4_sp<\/strong> :<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1194\" data-end=\"1282\">A) <strong data-start=\"1197\" data-end=\"1214\">Pompage court<\/strong> <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">tp\u226a\u03c4spt_p \\ll \\tau_{\\text{sp}}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">t<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">p<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u226a<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord text mtight\">sp<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (ex. flash tr\u00e8s rapide, ~100\u2013300 \u00b5s)<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1743\">\n<li data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1442\">\n<p data-start=\"1285\" data-end=\"1442\">La pompe fournit une inversion rapide ; si la cavit\u00e9 est mise en r\u00e9sonance ou si on ouvre un Q-switch apr\u00e8s accumulation, l\u2019\u00e9mission se produit rapidement.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1443\" data-end=\"1622\">\n<p data-start=\"1445\" data-end=\"1622\"><strong data-start=\"1445\" data-end=\"1486\">Impulsion laser libre (sans Q-switch)<\/strong> : dur\u00e9e comparable \u00e0 la dur\u00e9e d\u2019augmentation\/d\u00e9cr\u00e9mentation de l\u2019inversion \u2014 typiquement <strong data-start=\"1576\" data-end=\"1604\">quelques centaines de \u00b5s<\/strong> (\u2248 0.1\u20130.5 ms).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1623\" data-end=\"1743\">\n<p data-start=\"1625\" data-end=\"1743\"><strong data-start=\"1625\" data-end=\"1641\">Si Q-switch\u00e9<\/strong> : on peut obtenir une impulsion tr\u00e8s courte (ns) en ouvrant la cavit\u00e9 apr\u00e8s accumulation d\u2019inversion.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1745\" data-end=\"1820\">B) <strong data-start=\"1748\" data-end=\"1773\">Pompage interm\u00e9diaire<\/strong> <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">tp\u223c\u03c4spt_p \\sim \\tau_{\\text{sp}}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">t<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">p<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u223c<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord text mtight\">sp<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (ex. 0.5\u20133 ms)<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1821\" data-end=\"2125\">\n<li data-start=\"1821\" data-end=\"2002\">\n<p data-start=\"1823\" data-end=\"2002\">L\u2019inversion s\u2019accumule pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du flash et d\u00e9cro\u00eet avec \u03c4_sp. L\u2019\u00e9mission s\u2019\u00e9tale sur une portion de la courbe : <strong data-start=\"1950\" data-end=\"1982\">dur\u00e9e de l\u2019ordre de 0.5\u20133 ms<\/strong> (souvent \u2272 \u03c4_sp).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2003\" data-end=\"2125\">\n<p data-start=\"2005\" data-end=\"2125\">La forme temporelle peut \u00eatre asym\u00e9trique (mont\u00e9e lente du flash, \u00e9mission plus abrupte quand le gain d\u00e9passe le seuil).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2127\" data-end=\"2177\">C) <strong data-start=\"2130\" data-end=\"2146\">Pompage long<\/strong> <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">tp\u226b\u03c4spt_p \\gg \\tau_{\\text{sp}}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">t<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">p<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u226b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord text mtight\">sp<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2178\" data-end=\"2442\">\n<li data-start=\"2178\" data-end=\"2442\">\n<p data-start=\"2180\" data-end=\"2442\">L\u2019\u00e9tat excit\u00e9 se renouvelle pendant que la population d\u00e9croit ; le laser peut entrer en r\u00e9gime quasi-continu intermittent, la sortie peut s\u2019\u00e9taler sur plusieurs ms ou former plusieurs micro-pulses selon dynamique. Ce n\u2019est pas courant pour un rubis flashtypique.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"2444\" data-end=\"2520\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Conclusion chiffr\u00e9e (typique pour ton montage flashlamp \u2192 rubis 6\u00d790 mm)<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2521\" data-end=\"2971\">\n<li data-start=\"2521\" data-end=\"2702\">\n<p data-start=\"2523\" data-end=\"2702\"><strong data-start=\"2523\" data-end=\"2555\">Sans Q-switch (free-running)<\/strong> : impulsions <strong data-start=\"2569\" data-end=\"2588\">\u2248 0.1 ms \u2013 3 ms<\/strong> (100 \u00b5s \u00e0 quelques ms), d\u00e9pendant fortement de la dur\u00e9e du flashlamp (condensateur) et de la dynamique de gain.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2703\" data-end=\"2971\">\n<p data-start=\"2705\" data-end=\"2971\"><strong data-start=\"2705\" data-end=\"2734\">Avec Q-switch (d\u00e9clench\u00e9)<\/strong> : l\u2019\u00e9nergie stock\u00e9e peut \u00eatre lib\u00e9r\u00e9e en <strong data-start=\"2776\" data-end=\"2814\">impulsions de l\u2019ordre de 10\u2013100 ns<\/strong> (historique : rubis Q-switch\u00e9 donne typiquement 10\u2013100 ns selon cavit\u00e9 et optique), \u00e0 condition de synchroniser le Q-switch avec l\u2019accumulation d\u2019inversion.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"2973\" data-end=\"2976\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2978\" data-end=\"3085\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">2) Peut-on \u201ctravailler en r\u00e9gime d\u00e9clench\u00e9\u201d ? Q-switch<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3086\" data-end=\"3147\">Oui \u2014 <strong data-start=\"3092\" data-end=\"3099\">oui<\/strong>, mais avec des conditions et limites pratiques.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"3149\" data-end=\"3206\">a) Fonctionnement d\u00e9clench\u00e9 \/ r\u00e9p\u00e9titif (tir par tir)<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"3207\" data-end=\"4274\">\n<li data-start=\"3207\" data-end=\"3341\">\n<p data-start=\"3209\" data-end=\"3341\"><strong data-start=\"3209\" data-end=\"3221\">Possible<\/strong> : on peut d\u00e9clencher r\u00e9p\u00e9temment la charge du condensateur + tir du flashlamp, obtenir des impulsions laser s\u00e9par\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3342\" data-end=\"4112\">\n<p data-start=\"3344\" data-end=\"3357\"><strong data-start=\"3344\" data-end=\"3355\">Limites<\/strong> :<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3360\" data-end=\"4112\">\n<li data-start=\"3360\" data-end=\"3775\">\n<p data-start=\"3362\" data-end=\"3458\"><strong data-start=\"3362\" data-end=\"3395\">Taux de r\u00e9p\u00e9tition (rep rate)<\/strong> limit\u00e9 par dissipation thermique du barreau et de l\u2019ampoule.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3463\" data-end=\"3775\">\n<li data-start=\"3463\" data-end=\"3587\">\n<p data-start=\"3465\" data-end=\"3587\">Pour un montage <strong data-start=\"3481\" data-end=\"3497\">non refroidi<\/strong> et \u00e9nergies importantes (\u2192 centaines de J flash), on reste en pratique \u00e0 <strong data-start=\"3571\" data-end=\"3584\">\u2264 1\u201310 Hz<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3592\" data-end=\"3775\">\n<p data-start=\"3594\" data-end=\"3775\">Avec refroidissement actif (circulation d\u2019eau autour du barreau, refroidissement de la lampe), on peut monter \u00e0 <strong data-start=\"3706\" data-end=\"3724\">quelques 10 Hz<\/strong> mais souvent en r\u00e9duisant l\u2019\u00e9nergie par pulsation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3778\" data-end=\"3933\">\n<p data-start=\"3780\" data-end=\"3933\"><strong data-start=\"3780\" data-end=\"3807\">Usure de la lampe flash<\/strong> : la lampe a une dur\u00e9e de vie limit\u00e9e (d\u00e9pend du courant, de la r\u00e9p\u00e9tition) \u2014 la vie utile diminue fortement \u00e0 haut rep-rate.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3936\" data-end=\"4112\">\n<p data-start=\"3938\" data-end=\"4112\"><strong data-start=\"3938\" data-end=\"3968\">Fatigue thermique du rubis<\/strong> : cycles thermiques r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9s g\u00e9n\u00e8rent contraintes \u2014 n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019un bon montage m\u00e9canique (montage libre ou \u00e0 point de contact, refroidissement).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4113\" data-end=\"4274\">\n<p data-start=\"4115\" data-end=\"4274\"><strong data-start=\"4115\" data-end=\"4133\">R\u00e8gle pratique<\/strong> : pour un barreau rubis classique et flashlamp de labo, r\u00e9gime d\u00e9clench\u00e9 \u00e0 <strong data-start=\"4209\" data-end=\"4222\">0.1\u201310 Hz<\/strong> est usuel ; au-dessus il faut ing\u00e9nierie thermique.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"4276\" data-end=\"4317\">b) Fonctionnement Q-switch\u00e9 d\u00e9clench\u00e9<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"4318\" data-end=\"5403\">\n<li data-start=\"4318\" data-end=\"4546\">\n<p data-start=\"4320\" data-end=\"4546\"><strong data-start=\"4320\" data-end=\"4369\">Possible et courant en laboratoire historique<\/strong> : on pompe (flash), on attend que l\u2019inversion atteigne un maximum, puis on d\u00e9clenche le Q-switch (Pockels cell + polariseur, ou un obturateur rapide) \u2192 courte impulsion (ns).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4547\" data-end=\"5403\">\n<p data-start=\"4549\" data-end=\"4566\"><strong data-start=\"4549\" data-end=\"4564\">Contraintes<\/strong> :<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4569\" data-end=\"5403\">\n<li data-start=\"4569\" data-end=\"4887\">\n<p data-start=\"4571\" data-end=\"4887\"><strong data-start=\"4571\" data-end=\"4590\">Synchronisation<\/strong> : il faut d\u00e9clencher le Q-switch au bon moment \u2014 typiquement <strong data-start=\"4652\" data-end=\"4694\">quelques centaines de \u00b5s \u00e0 quelques ms<\/strong> apr\u00e8s le pic du courant de la lampe, selon profil. Pour un flash donnant un maximum d\u2019inversion vers 0.5\u20132 ms apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9clenchement, le retard de d\u00e9clenchement du Q-switch est de cet ordre.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4890\" data-end=\"5033\">\n<p data-start=\"4892\" data-end=\"5033\"><strong data-start=\"4892\" data-end=\"4915\">Pertes intra-cavit\u00e9<\/strong> : rubis est \u00e0 trois niveaux (seuil \u00e9lev\u00e9) \u2014 il faut suffisamment d\u2019inversion accumul\u00e9e avant ouverture du Q-switch.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5036\" data-end=\"5283\">\n<p data-start=\"5038\" data-end=\"5283\"><strong data-start=\"5038\" data-end=\"5063\">\u00c9nergie par impulsion<\/strong> : Q-switch permet d\u2019obtenir pics de puissance tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9s (J\/10 ns \u2192 GW de cr\u00eate pour J entiers), mais l\u2019\u00e9nergie totale extraite est limit\u00e9e par l\u2019\u00e9nergie stock\u00e9e dans le milieu (quelques 0,1\u2013a quelques J dans ton cas).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5286\" data-end=\"5403\">\n<p data-start=\"5288\" data-end=\"5403\"><strong data-start=\"5288\" data-end=\"5303\">\u00c9quipements<\/strong> : Pockels cell, driver haute tension, polariseurs r\u00e9sistants \u00e0 haute \u00e9nergie, synchroniseur pr\u00e9cis.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"5410\" data-end=\"5481\">3) Timings pratiques recommand\u00e9s (valeurs utilisables imm\u00e9diatement)<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"5482\" data-end=\"6160\">\n<li data-start=\"5482\" data-end=\"5752\">\n<p data-start=\"5484\" data-end=\"5564\"><strong data-start=\"5484\" data-end=\"5562\">Si ton flashlamp a une d\u00e9charge courte (profil \u2192 pic optique \u2248 200\u2013500 \u00b5s)<\/strong> :<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5567\" data-end=\"5752\">\n<li data-start=\"5567\" data-end=\"5663\">\n<p data-start=\"5569\" data-end=\"5663\">d\u00e9clencher Q-switch <strong data-start=\"5589\" data-end=\"5605\">\u2248 100\u2013500 \u00b5s<\/strong> apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9but du flash (ajuster pour pic d\u2019inversion).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5666\" data-end=\"5752\">\n<p data-start=\"5668\" data-end=\"5752\">R\u00e9sultat attendu : Q-switch\u00e9 \u2192 impulsion ns ; free-running \u2192 impulsion \u2248 0.1\u20130.5 ms.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5753\" data-end=\"5956\">\n<p data-start=\"5755\" data-end=\"5788\"><strong data-start=\"5755\" data-end=\"5786\">Si profil du flash \u2248 1\u20133 ms<\/strong> :<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5791\" data-end=\"5956\">\n<li data-start=\"5791\" data-end=\"5909\">\n<p data-start=\"5793\" data-end=\"5909\">d\u00e9clencher Q-switch <strong data-start=\"5813\" data-end=\"5827\">\u2248 0.5\u20132 ms<\/strong> apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9part du flash (\u00e0 ajuster exp\u00e9rimentalement pour le pic d\u2019inversion).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5912\" data-end=\"5956\">\n<p data-start=\"5914\" data-end=\"5956\">Free-running \u2192 impulsion 0.5\u20132 ms typique.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5957\" data-end=\"6160\">\n<p data-start=\"5959\" data-end=\"6160\">Dans tous les cas, la meilleure m\u00e9thode est d\u2019utiliser une photodiode\/photomultiplicateur pour surveiller la fluorescence\/\u00e9mission et r\u00e9gler le d\u00e9lai du Q-switch afin d\u2019optimiser \u00e9nergie par pulsation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"6167\" data-end=\"6209\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">4) Conseils pratiques \/ pi\u00e8ges \u00e0 \u00e9viter<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"6210\" data-end=\"6848\">\n<li data-start=\"6210\" data-end=\"6394\">\n<p data-start=\"6212\" data-end=\"6394\"><strong data-start=\"6212\" data-end=\"6292\">Ne pas monter le rep-rate tant que le refroidissement n\u2019est pas dimensionn\u00e9.<\/strong> La fracture thermique du rubis est un vrai risque si on r\u00e9p\u00e8te des tirs puissants sans dissipation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6395\" data-end=\"6575\">\n<p data-start=\"6397\" data-end=\"6575\"><strong data-start=\"6397\" data-end=\"6439\">Prot\u00e9ger optiquement et \u00e9lectriquement<\/strong> : hautes tensions, rayonnement laser dangereux (694 nm, tr\u00e8s p\u00e9n\u00e9trant pour l\u2019\u0153il) \u2014 lunettes adapt\u00e9es, s\u00e9curit\u00e9s inter-verrouill\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6576\" data-end=\"6683\">\n<p data-start=\"6578\" data-end=\"6683\"><strong data-start=\"6578\" data-end=\"6597\">Synchronisation<\/strong> : pour Q-switch, besoin d\u2019un synchroniseur pr\u00e9cis (sub-\u00b5s \u00e0 \u00b5s selon \u00e9lectronique).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6684\" data-end=\"6848\">\n<p data-start=\"6686\" data-end=\"6848\"><strong data-start=\"6686\" data-end=\"6724\">Optimiser couplage pompe \u2192 barreau<\/strong> : le timing et la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie d\u00e9terminent l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 d\u2019accumulation, donc l\u2019\u00e9nergie disponible pour l\u2019impulsion Q-switch\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"6855\" data-end=\"6879\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">5) R\u00e9sum\u00e9 synth\u00e9tique<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"6880\" data-end=\"7543\">\n<li data-start=\"6880\" data-end=\"7025\">\n<p data-start=\"6882\" data-end=\"7025\"><strong data-start=\"6882\" data-end=\"6914\">Dur\u00e9e impulsion free-running<\/strong> (ton montage) : <strong data-start=\"6931\" data-end=\"6950\">\u2248 0.1 ms \u2013 3 ms<\/strong> (100 \u00b5s \u00e0 quelques ms), d\u00e9pend du profil du flashlamp et de \u03c4_sp \u2248 3 ms.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7026\" data-end=\"7135\">\n<p data-start=\"7028\" data-end=\"7135\"><strong data-start=\"7028\" data-end=\"7058\">Dur\u00e9e impulsion Q-switch\u00e9e<\/strong> : <strong data-start=\"7061\" data-end=\"7075\">~10\u2013100 ns<\/strong> (si tu ajoutes un Q-switch et synchronises correctement).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7136\" data-end=\"7408\">\n<p data-start=\"7138\" data-end=\"7408\"><strong data-start=\"7138\" data-end=\"7170\">R\u00e9gime d\u00e9clench\u00e9 \/ r\u00e9p\u00e9titif<\/strong> : <strong data-start=\"7173\" data-end=\"7180\">oui<\/strong>, possible \u2014 mais limit\u00e9 par dissipation thermique et dur\u00e9e de vie de la lampe. Rep-rate pratique : <strong data-start=\"7280\" data-end=\"7293\">0.1\u201310 Hz<\/strong> pour fortes \u00e9nergies ; avec refroidissement on peut monter plus haut \u00e0 condition de r\u00e9duire l\u2019\u00e9nergie par pulse.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7409\" data-end=\"7543\">\n<p data-start=\"7411\" data-end=\"7543\"><strong data-start=\"7411\" data-end=\"7447\">Timing de d\u00e9clenchement Q-switch<\/strong> : typiquement <strong data-start=\"7462\" data-end=\"7488\">quelques 10\u207b\u2074 \u00e0 10\u207b\u00b3 s<\/strong> (0.1\u20132 ms) apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9part du flash suivant le profil.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none &#091;--shadow-height:45px&#093; has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-(--header-height)\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"0f0408a0-63fa-4992-8a6d-b04ec9cfbd38\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-7\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"user\">\n<h5 class=\"sr-only\">Quel est la dur\u00e9e minimum d&rsquo;un pulse en blocage de mode sur le rubis ?<\/h5>\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pt-12 &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden mb-1 relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"z-0 flex justify-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none &#091;--shadow-height:45px&#093; has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) &#091;&amp;:has(&#091;data-writing-block&#093;)&gt;*&#093;:pointer-events-auto &#091;content-visibility:auto&#093; supports-&#091;content-visibility:auto&#093;:&#091;contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh&#093; scroll-mt-&#091;calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))&#093;\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"e0008b41-57ee-4354-9fcf-8bc7f3f52256\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-8\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<h6 class=\"sr-only\"><\/h6>\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; thread-sm:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; thread-lg:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"b5cba20a-479f-4312-bc7c-620458c2397f\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-t-mini\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-&#091;1px&#093;\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\n<h3 data-start=\"90\" data-end=\"118\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">R\u00e9sultat principal (court)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"119\" data-end=\"540\">Le <strong data-start=\"122\" data-end=\"143\">minimum th\u00e9orique<\/strong> d\u2019une impulsion mode-lock\u00e9e <strong data-start=\"172\" data-end=\"213\">limit\u00e9e par la bande passante de gain<\/strong> du rubis est de l\u2019ordre de <strong data-start=\"241\" data-end=\"251\">1\u20132 ps<\/strong>.<br data-start=\"252\" data-end=\"255\" \/>En pratique, les exp\u00e9riences historiques rapportent des pulses aussi courts que <strong data-start=\"335\" data-end=\"346\">\u22481.5 ps<\/strong> (mesure TPF) ; des r\u00e9alisations plus courantes en mode-verrouillage donnent plut\u00f4t des dur\u00e9es <strong data-start=\"441\" data-end=\"471\">de quelques dizaines de ps<\/strong> (active\/passive mode-locking). <span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruby_laser?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">Wikip\u00e9dia<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-&#091;#8F8F8F&#093;\">+2<\/span><\/span><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between absolute\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">OSTI<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-&#091;#8F8F8F&#093;\">+2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"542\" data-end=\"545\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"547\" data-end=\"583\">Pourquoi ~1\u20132 ps ? (calcul simple)<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"584\" data-end=\"670\">Pour un pulse transform-limit\u00e9 la relation temps-bande est (pour un profil gaussien) :<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\u0394t\u22c5\u0394\u03bd\u22480,44.\\Delta t \\cdot \\Delta \\nu \\approx 0{,}44.<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">\u0394<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">t<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u22c5<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">\u0394<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\">44.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"719\" data-end=\"938\">On peut estimer <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\u0394\u03bd\\Delta\\nu<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">\u0394<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00e0 partir de la largeur spectrale d\u2019\u00e9mission du rubis. La litt\u00e9rature donne une <strong data-start=\"828\" data-end=\"858\">largeur (FWHM) \u2248 0{,}53 nm<\/strong> autour de 694.3 nm pour la raie du rubis. <span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruby_laser?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">Wikip\u00e9dia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"940\" data-end=\"955\">Calcul rapide :<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"956\" data-end=\"1201\">\n<li data-start=\"956\" data-end=\"1036\">\n<p data-start=\"958\" data-end=\"1036\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\u03bb0=694.3\u00a0nm\\lambda_0 = 694.3\\ \\text{nm}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03bb<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">694.3<\/span><span class=\"mspace\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">nm<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\u0394\u03bb\u22480.53\u00a0nm\\Delta\\lambda \\approx 0.53\\ \\text{nm}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">\u0394<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03bb<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">0.53<\/span><span class=\"mspace\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">nm<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1037\" data-end=\"1128\">\n<p data-start=\"1039\" data-end=\"1128\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\u0394\u03bd\u2243c\u2009\u0394\u03bb\/\u03bb02\u22483.30\u00d71011\u00a0Hz\\Delta\\nu \\simeq c\\,\\Delta\\lambda\/\\lambda_0^2 \\approx 3.30\\times10^{11}\\ \\text{Hz}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">\u0394<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2243<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">c<\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u0394<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03bb<\/span><span class=\"mord\">\/<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03bb<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">3.30<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">11<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Hz<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1129\" data-end=\"1201\">\n<p data-start=\"1131\" data-end=\"1201\">donc <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\u0394tmin\u2061\u22480.44\/\u0394\u03bd\u22481.3\u00a0ps\\Delta t_{\\min}\\approx 0.44\/\\Delta\\nu \\approx 1.3\\ \\text{ps}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">\u0394<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">t<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mop mtight\"><span class=\"mtight\">m<\/span><span class=\"mtight\">i<\/span><span class=\"mtight\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">0.44\/\u0394<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"mspace\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">ps<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1203\" data-end=\"1321\">Conclusion : <strong data-start=\"1216\" data-end=\"1245\">ordre de grandeur ~1.3 ps<\/strong> (arrondi, d\u2019o\u00f9 la fourchette 1\u20132 ps). <span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruby_laser?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">Wikip\u00e9dia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1203\" data-end=\"1321\"><span style=\"color: #800000; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 600;\">Ce que la pratique montre<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1356\" data-end=\"2059\">\n<li data-start=\"1356\" data-end=\"1737\">\n<p data-start=\"1358\" data-end=\"1737\">Exp\u00e9rimentations anciennes \/ classiques : <strong data-start=\"1400\" data-end=\"1423\">pulses de 50\u2013100 ps<\/strong> (plus facile), pulses de <strong data-start=\"1449\" data-end=\"1459\">~35 ps<\/strong> avec mode-verrouillage actif bien synchronis\u00e9, et <strong data-start=\"1510\" data-end=\"1547\">mesures aussi courtes que \u22481.5 ps<\/strong> rapport\u00e9es (TPF, 1975). Les limites pratiques viennent de la bande passante, dispersion intra-cavit\u00e9, non-lin\u00e9arit\u00e9s et technique de mode-verrouillage.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1738\" data-end=\"2059\">\n<p data-start=\"1740\" data-end=\"2059\">R\u00e9sum\u00e9 pratique : atteindre &lt;10 ps sur rubis est r\u00e9alisable mais exige un design soign\u00e9 ; descendre vers ~1\u20132 ps est proche de la limite impos\u00e9e par la bande passante et demande compensation de dispersion, profil spectral large et minimale d\u00e9gradation (et des diagnostics fiables).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"2066\" data-end=\"2120\"><span style=\"color: #ffcc00;\">M\u00e9thodes de mode-verrouillage pertinentes pour rubis<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2121\" data-end=\"2800\">\n<li data-start=\"2121\" data-end=\"2321\">\n<p data-start=\"2123\" data-end=\"2321\"><strong data-start=\"2123\" data-end=\"2150\">Mode-verrouillage actif<\/strong> (modulateur \u00e9lectro-optique ou acousto-optique) : permet des pulses de l\u2019ordre de dizaines de ps, bon contr\u00f4le de synchronisation. <span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/rsi\/article\/51\/12\/1656\/309682\/Synchronized-actively-mode-locked-short-pulse-ruby?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">Publications AIP<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2322\" data-end=\"2593\">\n<p data-start=\"2324\" data-end=\"2593\"><strong data-start=\"2324\" data-end=\"2352\">Mode-verrouillage passif<\/strong> (absorbeur saturable) : possible mais le rubis a un gain \u00e9troit et longue dur\u00e9e de vie de fluorescence (~3 ms) \u2192 la dynamique favorise pulses plus longs qu\u2019avec m\u00e9dia \u00e0 large bande (ex : Ti:Sapphire). <span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruby_laser?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">Wikip\u00e9dia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2594\" data-end=\"2800\">\n<p data-start=\"2596\" data-end=\"2800\"><strong data-start=\"2596\" data-end=\"2628\">Kerr-lens mode locking (KLM)<\/strong> : efficace pour milieux \u00e0 large bande (Ti:Sa), beaucoup moins adapt\u00e9 au rubis du fait de sa bande \u00e9troite \u2192 difficile d\u2019atteindre fs. <span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/254001\/files\/cer-000170652.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">CERN Document Server<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"2807\" data-end=\"2842\"><span style=\"color: #ffcc00;\">Limitations pratiques \u00e0 conna\u00eetre<\/span><\/h2>\n<ol data-start=\"2843\" data-end=\"3409\">\n<li data-start=\"2843\" data-end=\"2928\">\n<p data-start=\"2846\" data-end=\"2928\"><strong data-start=\"2846\" data-end=\"2872\">Bande passante de gain<\/strong> : contrainte premi\u00e8re (d\u00e9j\u00e0 utilis\u00e9e pour le calcul).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2929\" data-end=\"3073\">\n<p data-start=\"2932\" data-end=\"3073\"><strong data-start=\"2932\" data-end=\"2962\">Dispersion et compensation<\/strong> : pour atteindre la limite transform\u00e9e il faut compenser dispersion de la cavit\u00e9 (miroirs, \u00e9l\u00e9ments, verre).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3074\" data-end=\"3195\">\n<p data-start=\"3077\" data-end=\"3195\"><strong data-start=\"3077\" data-end=\"3088\">Mesures<\/strong> : les d\u00e9tecteurs\/techniques (autocorr\u00e9lation, TPF, FROG) doivent \u00eatre adapt\u00e9s pour valider ps et sub-ps.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3196\" data-end=\"3409\">\n<p data-start=\"3199\" data-end=\"3409\"><strong data-start=\"3199\" data-end=\"3224\">\u00c9nergie par impulsion<\/strong> : rubis est un laser \u00e0 trois niveaux \u2192 \u00e9nergie extraite par impulsion limite la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019avoir \u00e0 la fois tr\u00e8s courte dur\u00e9e et \u00e9nergie \u00e9lev\u00e9e. <span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruby_laser?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">Wikip\u00e9dia<\/span><span class=\"-me-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-&#091;#8F8F8F&#093;\">+1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"3450\" data-end=\"3561\"><strong data-start=\"3450\" data-end=\"3497\">Dur\u00e9e minimum th\u00e9orique (transform-limited)<\/strong> \u2248 <strong data-start=\"3500\" data-end=\"3510\">1.3 ps<\/strong> (\u22481\u20132 ps). <span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruby_laser?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">Wikip\u00e9dia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3448\" data-end=\"3869\">\n<li data-start=\"3562\" data-end=\"3705\">\n<p data-start=\"3564\" data-end=\"3705\"><strong data-start=\"3564\" data-end=\"3616\">Dur\u00e9e la plus courte rapport\u00e9e exp\u00e9rimentalement<\/strong> : <strong data-start=\"3619\" data-end=\"3630\">\u22481.5 ps<\/strong> (mesure TPF, litt\u00e9rature 1970s). <span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-&#091;-0.094rem&#093; animate-&#091;show_150ms_ease-in&#093;\" data-testid=\"webpage-citation-pill\"><a class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-&#091;9px&#093; font-medium transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out text-token-text-secondary! bg-&#091;#F4F4F4&#093;! dark:bg-&#091;#303030&#093;!\" href=\"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/4048936?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"><span class=\"max-w-&#091;15ch&#093; grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">OSTI<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3706\" data-end=\"3869\">\n<p data-start=\"3708\" data-end=\"3869\"><strong data-start=\"3708\" data-end=\"3749\">Dur\u00e9e pratique courante en mode-lock\u00e9<\/strong> : <strong data-start=\"3752\" data-end=\"3779\">quelques dizaines de ps<\/strong> (d\u00e9pend m\u00e9thode de verrouillage et optimisation)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-27  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-28  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3312 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3312 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-05-02-122306.png\" alt='' title='Capture d&#039;\u00e9cran 2025-05-02 122306' height=\"500\" width=\"509\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-05-02-122306.png 509w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-05-02-122306-300x295.png 300w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-05-02-122306-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-05-02-122306-36x36.png 36w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-29  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_full  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-builder-el-30  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><div class='avia-image-overlay-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3320 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3320 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-05-22-201934.png\" alt='' title='Capture d&#039;\u00e9cran 2025-05-22 201934' height=\"720\" width=\"618\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-05-22-201934.png 618w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-05-22-201934-258x300.png 258w, https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Capture-decran-2025-05-22-201934-605x705.png 605w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 618px) 100vw, 618px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-31  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 Verneuil permet de fabriquer des cristaux d&rsquo;oxyde d&rsquo;aluminium (Al\u2082O\u2083), appel\u00e9s saphirs synth\u00e9tiques. En dopant cet oxyde d&rsquo;aluminium avec diff\u00e9rents oxydes m\u00e9talliques, on obtient diff\u00e9rentes couleurs et propri\u00e9t\u00e9s :<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Avec de l&rsquo;oxyde de chrome (Cr\u2082O\u2083), on obtient du rubis, qui est un saphir rouge.<br \/>\n&#8211; Avec de l&rsquo;oxyde de nickel (NiO) et de cobalt (CoO), on peut obtenir des saphirs de couleur bleue ou verte, selon la concentration et les proportions des dopants.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3299,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3298","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lasers-a-solides","category-non-classe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3298","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3298"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3298\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3651,"href":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3298\/revisions\/3651"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3299"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3298"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3298"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3298"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}