{"id":4540,"date":"2026-02-27T18:37:39","date_gmt":"2026-02-27T17:37:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/?p=4540"},"modified":"2026-02-28T21:13:28","modified_gmt":"2026-02-28T20:13:28","slug":"chatgtp5-2-pompage-rubis-et-verre-au-neodyme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.swissrocketman.fr\/Wordpress\/?p=4540","title":{"rendered":"ChatGTP5.2 pompage rubis et verre au n\u00e9odyme"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Le verre laser ED-2<\/strong> est un type de verre silicate dop\u00e9 au n\u00e9odyme (Nd:glass)<\/strong> utilis\u00e9 dans les amplificateurs de lasers \u00e0 haute \u00e9nergie (fusion inertielle, grands lasers Nd:glass).<\/p>\n

Fabricant d\u2019origine<\/h3>\n
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    Le verre ED-2 a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 et fabriqu\u00e9 initialement par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 am\u00e9ricaine<\/strong> Owens\u2011Illinois<\/span><\/span><\/strong> (Toledo, Ohio).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    C\u2019\u00e9tait l\u2019un des verres laser standards utilis\u00e9s dans les premiers grands lasers de recherche dans les ann\u00e9es 1970\u20131980.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Fabrication actuelle \/ \u00e9quivalent moderne<\/h3>\n
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      Aujourd\u2019hui, ce verre n\u2019est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement plus vendu sous la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence ED-2<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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      L\u2019\u00e9quivalent est produit par SCHOTT AG<\/span><\/span><\/strong> sous la d\u00e9signation LG-670<\/strong> (composition et propri\u00e9t\u00e9s tr\u00e8s proches du ED-2).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Autres fabricants de verres laser comparables<\/h3>\n

      Plusieurs soci\u00e9t\u00e9s produisent encore des verres Nd:glass pour lasers de puissance :<\/p>\n

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        SCHOTT AG<\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u2013 Allemagne (gamme LG-series, ex-ED-2).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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        Hoya Corporation<\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u2013 Japon (verres LHG \/ phosphate).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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        Ohara Corporation<\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u2013 Japon (verres laser sp\u00e9ciaux).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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        Kigre Inc.<\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u2013 USA (verres laser pour amplificateurs Nd).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Remarque technique<\/h3>\n

        Le ED-2<\/strong> est un verre silicate Nd\u00b3\u207a<\/strong> utilis\u00e9 dans de nombreux lasers historiques (Shiva, Nova, etc.) car il combine :<\/p>\n

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          bonne section d\u2019\u00e9mission \u00e0 1.06 \u00b5m<\/strong>,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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          bonne tenue thermique pour amplificateurs flash-lamp,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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          fabrication possible en grandes plaques ou disques<\/strong> pour amplificateurs de fusion.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

          \u00a0valeurs approximatives, sourc\u00e9es<\/strong>, et un comparatif clair entre ED-2 (silicate)<\/strong>, son \u00e9quivalent LG-670 (SCHOTT)<\/strong>, et les verres phosphate (ex. LHG-8 \/ N-series)<\/strong>. J\u2019ai indiqu\u00e9 les sources principales apr\u00e8s chaque bloc important \u2014 dis-moi si tu veux que je rassemble \u00e7a en tableau CSV \/ fichier.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n
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          Param\u00e8tres laser<\/span><\/p>\n

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          Remarque : ces grandeurs d\u00e9pendent de la concentration Nd\u00b3\u207a, de la temp\u00e9rature et de la m\u00e9thode de mesure. Je donne des ordres de grandeur \u00ab utilisables pour des calculs de conception \u00bb. Sources cit\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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            Section efficace d\u2019\u00e9mission stimul\u00e9e \u03c3\u2091 (\u00e0 \u22481.06 \u00b5m)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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              ED-2 (silicate)<\/strong> : \u2248 2.7 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b2\u2070 cm\u00b2<\/strong> (valeur mesur\u00e9e classique pour ED-2).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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              Verres phosphate (LHG-8, N-types)<\/strong> : typiquement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e<\/strong>, par ex. \u2248 3.8 \u2013 4.0 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b2\u2070 cm\u00b2<\/strong> pour certains types (LHG-8 \/ N31 selon l\u2019\u00e9chantillon).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n

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              Dur\u00e9e de fluorescence \u03c4_f (niveau 4F\u2083\/\u2082 \u2192 ^)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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                Ordre de grandeur<\/strong> : ~300 \u2013 400 \u00b5s<\/strong> pour les verres Nd:glass usuels. Exemples publi\u00e9s donnent ~330 \u00b5s<\/strong> pour certaines s\u00e9ries N (valeurs varient selon composition et [Nd]).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n

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                Indice non-lin\u00e9aire n\u2082 (effet Kerr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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                  Pour verres silicat\u00e9s<\/strong> (dont ED-2 \/ LG-type) : ordre de 1.7 \u2013 2.7 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b9\u2076 cm\u00b2\/W<\/strong> (\u22482\u00d710\u207b\u00b96 cm\u00b2\/W) \u2014 proche de la valeur du verre siliceux. (mesures publi\u00e9es sur familles de silicates).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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                  Pour phosphates<\/strong> : n\u2082 du m\u00eame ordre de grandeur (quelques 10\u207b\u00b9\u2076 cm\u00b2\/W), peut varier selon composition \u2014 certains phosphate montrent n\u2082 l\u00e9g\u00e8rement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 ou comparable.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n

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                  Seuil de dommage (LIDT)<\/strong> \u2014 tr\u00e8s d\u00e9pendant : qualit\u00e9 du polissage, propret\u00e9, rev\u00eatement AR, dur\u00e9e d\u2019impulsion, diam\u00e8tre du faisceau, pr\u00e9sence d\u2019inclusions (Pt) etc.<\/p>\n

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                    Ordonnees usuelles<\/strong> (pour impulsions nanosecondes<\/strong>, conditions laboratoire \/ AR coatings\/pristine surfaces) : \u2248 5 \u2013 30 J\/cm\u00b2<\/strong> (10 ns order of magnitude). Les gros syst\u00e8mes (NIF \/ Nova) rapportent valeurs moyennes de l\u2019ordre de ~10\u201320 J\/cm\u00b2<\/strong> pour \u00e9l\u00e9ments de haute qualit\u00e9 ; mais il existe une large distribution statistique (Weibull) \u2014 certains sites faibles cassent bien en dessous.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Diff\u00e9rences pratiques ED-2 (\u2248LG-670) vs verres phosphate (LHG-8 \/ N-series)<\/h1>\n
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                      Spectroscopie \/ gain<\/strong><\/p>\n

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                        Phosphate<\/strong> \u2192 g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u03c3\u2091 plus \u00e9lev\u00e9<\/strong> (donc meilleure capacit\u00e9 de gain par unit\u00e9 de longueur) et possibilit\u00e9 de plus fortes concentrations de Nd<\/strong> sans quenching => avantage pour amplificateurs compacts et haut-pic.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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                        Silicate (ED-2 \/ LG-670)<\/strong> \u2192 \u03c3\u2091 plus faible \u2192 n\u00e9cessite plus d\u2019\u00e9paisseur de verre pour obtenir m\u00eame gain, mais historique et tr\u00e8s robuste pour certaines architectures.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n

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                        Dur\u00e9e de fluorescence<\/strong><\/p>\n

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                          Phosphate<\/strong> : souvent \u03c4_f comparable ou un peu plus \u00e9lev\u00e9<\/strong> selon formulation (d\u00e9pendant du r\u00e9seau). Cela peut aider pour l\u2019accumulation d\u2019\u00e9nergie (stockage de population).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n

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                          Thermo-m\u00e9canique et traitement<\/strong><\/p>\n

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                            Silicate (ED-2)<\/strong> : meilleure tenue m\u00e9canique, plus de robustesse chimique et plus famili\u00e8re aux proc\u00e9d\u00e9s de fabrication traditionnels.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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                            Phosphate<\/strong> : meilleure solubilit\u00e9 en Nd<\/strong>, plus sensible aux inclusions (Pt), parfois plus exigeant en contr\u00f4le de puret\u00e9 et traitement pour \u00e9viter inclusions qui r\u00e9duisent le LIDT. Des formulations \u00ab Pt-free \u00bb ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es pour am\u00e9liorer la r\u00e9sistance au dommage.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n

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                            Non-lin\u00e9arit\u00e9 optique (n\u2082)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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                              Ordres de grandeur similaires<\/strong> (quelques 10\u207b\u00b9\u2076 cm\u00b2\/W) ; diff\u00e9rences existent mais restent modestes compar\u00e9es \u00e0 la variabilit\u00e9 due aux impuret\u00e9s et \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n

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                              Domaine d\u2019application historique \/ industriel<\/strong><\/p>\n

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                                ED-2 \/ LG-670 (silicate)<\/strong> : verres \u00ab historiques \u00bb des premiers grands lasers (Shiva\/Nova) \u2014 robustes pour grands disques.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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                                Phosphate (LHG-8, N-series)<\/strong> : choisis pour lasers de tr\u00e8s haute \u00e9nergie \/ tr\u00e8s haute densit\u00e9 de puissance (car rendement spectroscopique et possibilit\u00e9 de fortes concentrations Nd).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                R\u00e9sum\u00e9 (rapide)<\/h1>\n
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                                  ED-2 \u2248 LG-670<\/strong> (\u00e9quivalents commerciaux \/ historiques).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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                                  \u03c3\u2091 (ED-2)<\/strong> \u2248 2.7\u00d710\u207b\u00b2\u2070 cm\u00b2<\/strong> ; \u03c3\u2091 (phosphate LHG-8 \/ N-type)<\/strong> typ. 3.8\u20134.0\u00d710\u207b\u00b2\u2070 cm\u00b2<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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                                  \u03c4_f<\/strong> \u2248 300\u2013400 \u00b5s<\/strong> selon type & concentration.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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                                  n\u2082<\/strong> ordre 10\u207b\u00b9\u2076 cm\u00b2\/W<\/strong> (silicates \u22482\u00d710\u207b\u00b9\u2076 cm\u00b2\/W).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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                                  LIDT (ns pulses)<\/strong> : quelques J\/cm\u00b2 \u2192 quelques dizaines J\/cm\u00b2<\/strong> (typ. 5\u201330 J\/cm\u00b2 pour optiques AR\/bon polissage ; NIF rapporte ~19 J\/cm\u00b2 statistiques selon lot\/zone).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  peux tu me dire l’\u00e9nergie par pulse que je peux obtenir avec un barreau laser ED-2 de diam\u00e8tre 10mm et de 940 mm de long pomp\u00e9 par un tube flash lin\u00e9aire de 8000 joules en 2 ms avec un couplage procche<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n

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                                  On peut faire une estimation assez r\u00e9aliste<\/strong> en utilisant les rendements connus des lasers Nd:glass pomp\u00e9s par lampe flash<\/strong>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n
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                                  1. Rendement typique Nd:glass pomp\u00e9 par flash<\/h2>\n

                                  Les grands lasers Nd-glass pomp\u00e9s par flash ont un rendement global tr\u00e8s faible<\/strong>, typiquement \u22481\u20131.5 % de l\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e9lectrique inject\u00e9e dans la lampe convertie en \u00e9nergie laser<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

                                  Le rendement optique-optique (\u00e9nergie lumineuse absorb\u00e9e \u2192 laser)<\/strong> peut \u00eatre un peu plus \u00e9lev\u00e9, mais avec un syst\u00e8me r\u00e9el il reste g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u22481\u20133 %<\/strong> pour un oscillateur ou un amplificateur simple.<\/p>\n

                                  Pour un calcul pratique on prend donc :<\/p>\n

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                                    pessimiste : 1 %<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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                                    r\u00e9aliste : 1.5\u20132 %<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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                                    optimis\u00e9 : \u22483 %<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    \u00a08000 J dans la lampe<\/h1>\n

                                    Pompe flash :<\/p>\n

                                    Epump=8000\u2005\u200aJE_{pump}=8000\\;J<\/span>E<\/span>p<\/span>u<\/span>m<\/span>p<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>=<\/span><\/span>8000<\/span>J<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                    \u00e9nergie laser estim\u00e9e<\/h3>\n

                                    Elaser=\u03b7\u00d7EpumpE_{laser}= \\eta \\times E_{pump}<\/span>E<\/span>l<\/span>a<\/span>ser<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>=<\/span><\/span>\u03b7<\/span>\u00d7<\/span><\/span>E<\/span>p<\/span>u<\/span>m<\/span>p<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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                                    rendement<\/th>\n\u00e9nergie laser<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                    1 %<\/td>\n\u2248 80 J<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    1.5 %<\/td>\n\u2248 120 J<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    2 %<\/td>\n\u2248 160 J<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    3 % (tr\u00e8s bon)<\/td>\n\u2248 240 J<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                    \ud83d\udc49 Ordre de grandeur r\u00e9aliste : 100\u2013150 J par pulse<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>

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